Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study investigates the effects of assigned diagnostic labels, with their accompanying predictions of therapeutic response, and prescribed psychotropic drugs. It was thought that such 'labelling' effects might be important in ambiguous situations, such as neurotic anxiety-depressive states, where diagnoses of 'reactive depression' or 'anxiety state' might justifiably be made and treatment with either diazepam or nortriptyline legitimately given. The depression label and its concomitant two-weekly prediction of improvement with antidepressants produced a set towards slower response with higher self-report depression. Nortriptyline produced significantly more improvement in self-report depression than diazepam in the first 2 weeks of treatment. No significant interaction effects were detected between diagnosis or drug. One month after the initial diagnostic evaluation there were no significant effects from either diagnostic label or drug.
 ...
PMID:Labelling and drug effects in the treatment of neurotic affective disorders: an experimental investigation. 687 27

The typical depressed patient is described as well as the course of the depression. Recommendations for the physician, treating depressed patients, are given. There are two main groups of depressions--endogenous depression and reactive depression--which are explained. Depression is a syndrome with "seven principal dimensions". The depressive syndrome is always a serious condition, reacting to suicidal behaviour, which is the greatest of psychiatric emergencies.
 ...
PMID:Clinical features and classification of symptoms in depression. 693 24

At the time of menopause, some women present with a clinical picture that has not only the specificity of estrogen deficiency, such as hot flushes, but also a nonspecific psychologic syndrome characterized largely by anxiety and depression. Both the physiology of aging and environmental stress factors unique to this age contribute to psychologic changes. Estrogen deficiency can further aggravate these psychologic changes. This effect of estrogen lack is mediated or modulated by catecholamines and prostaglandins at the level of the central nervous system. The conceptualization of the magnitude of contributions to psychologic changes occurring at menopause is shown in Figure 2. The therapeutic principle that emerges from this review is that the psychologic aspects of the menopausal syndrome should be treated as any other anxiety or depressive reaction and that only when the relief is persistently incomplete, showing unequivocally the predominance of estrogen deficiency, should replacement hormone therapy be considered.
 ...
PMID:Age, Estrogens, and the psyche. 701 35

Patients diagnosed as reactively or endogenously depressed were given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The endogenously depressed patients tended to respond to the treatment more quickly and favourably. Measures of age and severity of depression were as predictive as the classification into endogenous or reactive depression using the Newcastle rating scale. The degree of psychological stress ascertained and presumed to be operating did not contribute to the prediction of outcome.
 ...
PMID:The response of endogenously and reactivity depressed patients to electroconvulsive therapy. 713 5

Over the past three years we have seen twelve patients who have become depressed while taking cimetidine. Clinically the depression is similar to that seen in a Primary Affective Disorder. Two representative cases are presented. It is suggested that cimetidine has precipitated a depressive reaction is vulnerable patients. Tricyclic antidepressants are effective in relieving the depression. It is postulated that cimetidine, by blocking H2 receptors in the CNS, produces an imbalance between H1 and H2. This imbalance may be an etiological factor in precipitating the depression. Tricyclic antidepressants have little effect on H2 but are potent H1 receptor blockers. This H1 blockade could restore the balance between H1 and H2, thereby relieving the depression.
 ...
PMID:Depression associated with cimetidine. 729 40

Platelet uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in normal subjects in vitro has already been shown to be significantly inhibited by clomipramine and less markedly by maprotiline (Turner and Ehsanullah, 1977). This effect has now been studied in greater detail, in patients categorized as having endogenous or neurotic/reactive depression, treated or untreated, and in normal volunteers, in whom the inhibitory activity of the metabolite desmethylclomipramine was also studied. Platelet uptake of 5-HT and DA in both types of depression is lower than in healthy, which supports the hypothesis that central monamine function is reduced or impaired in depressives. Clomipramine potently inhibits platelet uptake of DA as well as 5-HT, its antidepressant action cannot be attributed to 5-HT alone, while the observation that maprotiline has no effect on 5-HT uptake shows that its antidepressant action is not based on a serotonergic mechanism. Desmethylclomipramine has a marked inhibitory effect on platelet 5-HT uptake and its effect on DA uptake is greater than that of the parent compound.
 ...
PMID:Uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine into platelets from depressed patients and normal subjects--influence of clomipramine, desmethylclomipramine and maprotiline. 739 26

A randomized double-blind, multicenter 6-week study was undertaken in 80 depressed patients to compare the effects of moclobemide, a selective and reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor (300 mg daily), and maprotiline (75 mg daily). Efficacy was assessed by Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). Tolerability was assessed by adverse events reports. After 6 weeks of therapy, both groups of patients showed significant improvement in HDRS and CGI. Speed of onset of action was faster with moclobemide (significant difference at week 3, p = 0.025). There was a significant reduction of depression ratings (HDRS) in both the moclobemide and maprotiline group in all types of depression according to ICD-9 criteria (major depressive disorder, neurotic depression and adjustment-prolonged depressive reaction). Significantly fewer patients in the moclobemide group reported adverse events (28.9% compared with 70.2%) including weight gain (2.6% compared to 21.6%). Anticholinergic side effects were less frequent with moclobemide. It is concluded that both drugs are at least equivalent in terms of therapeutic efficacy, but moclobemide is better tolerated.
 ...
PMID:Multicenter double-blind study of moclobemide and maprotiline. 795 83

Depressive syndromes in schizophrenia are reported in the prodromal stage of the early course, during the first or later psychotic episodes, but also after the fading out of an acute episode and as a precursor of relapse. According to these multiple conditions several explanations also exist as to how to understand depression in schizophrenia. Some authors interpret it as an elementary part of the schizophrenic symptomatology, which is only masked by positive symptoms (revealed depression). However, it can also be understood as a reactive depression or as caused by neuroleptic treatment, as part of the negative syndrome or as co-morbidity. In the ABC-Schizophrenia-Study, depression in the early course was analysed for patients in their first psychotic episode at index admission and an ICD-9 diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD 295). In 81% of this sample depression was observed, beginning on average 4.3 years prior to index admission. In 42% of the patients depression began in the prepsychotic phase. In 18% the positive and the depressive syndrome developed within one month, and in 21% depression started after the first positive symptom occurred. We could only observe a clear sequence of depressive, negative and positive symptoms in the subgroup characterised by prepsychotic depression. A clear order of negative and positive symptoms was not observed in the other groups. Patients without depression in the early course have lower symptom levels at index admission. They present less positive symptoms (CATEGO-subscore DAH), fewer behavioural disturbances (subscore BSO) and also lower scores of non-specific symptoms (subscores SNR and NSN). More than 80% of the patients with depression in the early course also had a simple depression (as defined by the CATEGO-syndrome SD). Contrary to this, only 20% of the patient group without depression in the early course have positive SD values. Comparable percentages of males and females have depression in the early course, but in females depression begins more frequently in the prepsychotic phase, whereas in the male subgroup it more often starts postpsychotically, i.e. after the onset of the first psychotic symptom.
 ...
PMID:[Depression in the early course of schizophrenia]. 795 15

A sample of 97 males suffering from myocardial infarction was studied in order to determine the influence of psychological variables and emotional states on psychopathology displayed by patients in the course of their cardiological recovery. Discriminant analysis revealed that depression in the coronary unit and nonuse of problem-solving strategies were the most sensitive variables to correctly classify psychiatric and nonpsychiatric cases (76.6% of the total sample). Multiple regression analysis of the psychological variables and emotional states showed that severity of psychopathology was directly related to early depressive reaction and use of avoidant strategies. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 55.5%, with depression (RDC) being the most frequent diagnosis (59.4%), followed by 'irritable dysphoria' (27%) and anxiety disorders (RDC; 21.6%).
 ...
PMID:Psychological factors and vulnerability to psychiatric morbidity after myocardial infarction. 806 56

Both premorbid personality characteristics and location of brain lesion have been proposed to account for emotional changes after cerebral damage. To explore the relative merits of each hypothesis, we compared the MMPI profiles of 30 epileptic patients, who showed either a euphoric or depressive reaction after injection of amobarbital into the right or left hemisphere, with the MMPI profiles of 30 matched controls. There were no significant T-score differences between euphoric, depressed, or control patients on any of the MMPI scales. However, more patients with euphoric (42%) than depressed (0%) reactions had hypomania (scale 9) scores greater than 70 T. With regard to location of lesion, there was a statistically significant association between emotional reaction and side of amobarbital brain inactivation. Euphoria was more frequent following right, and depression was more common after left, hemisphere inactivation. Although support was found for both premorbid personality and lesion location in the genesis of emotional reactions after brain damage, results were more robust for location of lesion.
 ...
PMID:Influence of premorbid personality and location of lesion on emotional expression. 813 72


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>