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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Controlled, dosed, uninterrupted and continuous oxygen treatment was applied in 63 patients with global respiratory insufficiency, through a nasopharyngeal catheter in concentrations to 30 per cent. PaO2, is elevated with and average of 12 mm mercury column after 30 minutes 25% oxygen breathing and PaCO2--at an average of 8 mm mercury column. PaO2 level was kept after 24 hours whereas PaCO2 decreased at an average of 4 mm mercury column. Besides, respiration and pulse rate are decelerated, secondary polyglobulia decreases, cardiac and renal function is improved. Those changes are interpreted as patients' adaptation to oxygen breathing. The adaptation to oxygen breathing decreases the danger of critical intensification of the respiratory depression in the course of the treatment and conditions for a successful application of O2 treatment at home are created.
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PMID:[Adaptation to oxygen breathing]. 1 37

The neuroleptics are characterised by the large number of pharmacological effects they develop. When they are associated with other substances, it is frequent for the latter to have with neuroleptics one or several common sites of action. At this level, they develop phenomena of drug interaction, for example, synergy with depressors of the central nervous system or, in the periphery, with alpha-adrenolytic or parasympatholytic drugs. This type of interaction is used in anesthesia to obtain more intense effects with lesser doses of each component and also avoid the toxic effects of efficacious doses of general anesthetics used alone. However, although certain interactions are useful, others may prove harmful. This is in particular the case where neuroleptic drugs are administered after ingestion of alcohol. Various mechanisms, central and peripheral, explain the marked depression of the central nervous system which results. Potentialisation of the effects of tricyclic antidepressor drugs by neuroleptics raises a difficult problem for the anesthetist, the elimination of tricyclic antidepressor drugs is slow and requires several weeks after stopping treatment. During this period, the tissue and plasma concentrations become reduced gradually. They are pharmacologically insufficient, but are potentialised by injection of neuroleptic drugs, and may become active again, and even toxic. It seems to us advisable to avoid the use of neuroleptic drugs in patients treated with tricyclic antidepressor drugs and, if necessary, to use another method of anesthesia.
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PMID:[Drugs combined with neuroleptics in anesthesia]. 1 85

To assess the potential hazards of flurazepam (Dalmane) therapy of insomnia in the elderly, the relation of dosage and patient age to the frequency of flurazepam-attributed adverse reactions was studied in 2,542 hospitalized medical patients. Adverse reactions, predominantly unwanted residual drowsiness, were reported in 78 flurazepam recipients (3.1%). None of the adverse reactions were serious. The frequency of reported toxicity increased with average daily dose, ranging from 1.3% among those receiving less than 15 mg/day to 12.3% at doses of 30 mg/day or more (p less than 0.001). Toxicity increased with age, progressively from 1.9% among those under 60 to 7.1% among those 80 or over (p less than 0.001). Unwanted effects of high-dose flurazepam were observed much more commonly in the elderly. Only 2.0% of those 70 years of age or older experienced adverse reactions at doses under 15 mg/day, as opposed to 39.0% at 30 mg or more per day. Low doses of flurazepam appear to be safe for elderly individuals, but they are susceptible to unwanted central nervous system depression at high doses.
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PMID:Toxicity of high-dose flurazepam in the elderly. 1 61

Seventy-two private practice patients with moderate or severe anxiety-depressive neurosis received mean daily oral doses of 23.8 mg bromazepam, 94 mg amitriptyline, or 4.6 capsules of placebo in a double-blind four-week study. The patient's condition was assessed initially and at weekly intervals by using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression. From the first through the fourth week evaluations, a larger proportion of patients improved on bromazepam than on amitriptyline. Bromazepam was also superior to amitriptyline and placebo in the degree of improvement made Statistical significance (p less than 0.05) of the changes noted after one week was even greater after four weeks, particularly in BPRS items of somatic concern, depressive mood, anxiety and tension and in nearly all representative psychic and somatic symptoms on the depression scale, confirmed by global evaluation. Compared to bromazepam patients, amitriptyline patients had significantly severer adverse reactions which were the major cause of the group's higher dropout rate (66% vs 33%). The prompt clinical response to bromazepam contributed to its superior safety and patient progress in that it was possible to carefully titrate dosage and thus help to control adverse reactions and allow patients to maintain alertness and productivity under therapy.
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PMID:Controlled comparison of bromazepam, amitriptyline, and placebo in anxiety-depressive neurosis. 1 69

Baroreflex control of heart rate was determined during three awake control situations and during two depths of halothane anesthesia in man. Baroreflex function was quantiated by calculating the pressor test slope from the R-R interval change on the ECG produced by a pharmacologically induced pressor response. During the three awake control situations the subjects breathed room air or 100 per cent O2 spontaneously or 100 per cent O2 with ventilation controlled. Mean (+/- SD) slopes obtained were 15.1 +/- 4.5, 15.6 +/- 6.8 and 18.4 +/- 9.9, respectively. No significant difference in baroreflex function slope was observed. During light halothane anesthesia (0.7 per cent endtidal) baroreflex function was significantly depressed (mean slope = 2.5 +/- 1.5), and it was abolished at 1.1 per cent end-tidal halothane (mean slope = 0.03 +/- 0.04). It is concluded that halothane anesthesia produces depression of baroreflex control of heart rate in man.
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PMID:Halothane depresses baroreflex control of heart rate in man. 1 57

During severe head injuries, the reaction to the cerebral lesion is intense and characterised by a disturbance which is automatic, vasomotor and endocrine. Associated with general ventilatory and nutritional resuscitation, neuroplegia occupies in this pathology, aplace of choice. Cranio-thoracic traumas raise more complex problems owing to different ventilatory requirements, depending on whether the lesion is of the brain or thorax. One must therefore, find a compromise between the depression which necessarily occurs during a too intense autonomic reaction, and the ventilatory requirements created by the thoracic injury. In all cases, the micro-circulatory improvement produced by neuroplegic drugs is probably favourable. The authors report their experience of eighty severe cranio-thoracic traumas, over a period of thirty months, submitted to treatment including neuroplegics.
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PMID:[Neuroplegia in cranial and cranio-thoracic injuries]. 1 69

The studies were undertaken to determine whether isoflurance inhalation is associated with a degree of beta-adrenergic action that is potentially important in clinical situations, and to compare the circulatory tolerance to isoflurane and halothane in dogs following beta blockade. We measured arterial and pulmonary artery pressure, left and right ventricular filling pressure, heart rate and cardiac output, and derived stroke volume and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances in 13 mongrel dogs. The haemodynamic response to 1 MAC and 2 MAC isoflurane was studied in seven dogs and was similar before and after propranolol 0.1mg/kg i.v. In six dogs, propranolol 0.5mg/kg caused no significant changes in the circulatory response to 1 MAC and 2 MAC isoflurane or 1 MAC halothane. However, in three dogs, administration of 2 MAC halothane after propranolol 0.5mg/kg resulted in such profound circulatory depression as to preclude further study. These data suggest that (a) isoflurane possesses no clinically important beta-adrenergic stimulating activity; (b) there is no adverse drug interaction upon the circulation with the combination of isoflurane and propranolol; (c) in the presence of moderated profound beta-adrenergic blockade, 2 MAC isoflurane may be tolerated better than 2 MAC halothane.
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PMID:Lack of beta-adrenergic activity of isoflurane in the dog: a comparison of circulatory effects of halothane and isoflurane after propranolol administration. 1 56

A total of 773 admissions to Massachusetts General Hospital between 1962 and 1975 were due to acute overdosage with one or more psychotropic drugs. Benzodiazepine overdosage, particularly with diazepam, increased relative to other psychotropic drugs over the years. Only 12 admissions were due to benzodiazepine overdosage alone, and none of these patients were seriously ill or had significant complications. Multiple drugs were ingested in the other 87 cases, and the frequency and severity of complications among these individuals depended upon the type and quantity of other nonbenzodiazepines taken. For example, 21 of 31 patients who ingested benzodiazepines together with barbiturates experienced severe central nervous system (CNS) depression, and 14 of 31 required assisted ventilation. However, the frequency of such complications was nearly identical in a group of patients who ingested barbiturates alone. This report and a review of the literature suggest that serious intoxication following overdosage with a benzodiazepine derivative alone is unusual. Ingestion of benzodiazepines together with other drugs appears to be considerably more common than benzodiazepine overdosage alone as a cause of intoxication. The severity of intoxication in such cases of multiple drug ingestion probably depends largely on the type and quantity of nonbenzodiazepines.
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PMID:Acute overdosage with benzodiazepine derivatives. 1 2

The nociceptive reflex activity and analgesic effect of morphine were studied in rats using the hind paw stimulation test. The stimulation threshold was significantly increased in animals with bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus (LC), and was reduced after lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). LC lesions produced a selective lowering of noradrenaline (NA) content in the forebrain, while DR lesions resulted in a reduction in serotonin levels. Lesioning both LC and DR significantly reduced both NA and serotonin contents even when the stimulation threshold was not altered. Morphine produced a significant and dose-dependent elevation of the stimulation threshold in sham-operated animals, while morphine analgesia was almost completely inhibited by destruction of LC, DR and both the nuclei. These results imply that a depression of LC-mediated noradrenergic tone results in a decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli, whereas a reduction of raphe-derived serotonergic tone produces the opposite effect against LC. It is suggested, however, that both of these monoamines from the LC and DR are necessary for the analgesic effect of morphine.
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PMID:Attenuation of morphine analgesia in rats with lesions of the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus. 1 37

A double-blind crossover trial of Medazepam was carried out in 14 anxious hospital patients. The mean self-adjusted dosage was 16.5 mg daily. The active drug was no more effective than placebo in relieving anxiety, which was rated both clinically and by the Middlesex Health Questionnaire (M.H.Q.) (Crown and Crisp, 1970). This may have been because the dose was relatively low for chronically anxious hospital patients. Even this dosage caused significantly higher scores on the M.H.Q. scale for depression. Braking and driving simulator tests were not adversely affected by Medazepam. In real driving conditions those taking the drug made significantly more technical, but not dangerous, errors. Pulse and blood pressure also were not affected.
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PMID:Medazepam and the driving ability of anxious patients. 1 95


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