Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present investigation sought to determine whether the stimulus properties of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) would generalize to several narcotic analgesics which vary in their subjective effects. Morphine and saline served as discriminative stimuli for one group of rats in a 2-lever discrimination task. LSD and saline were discriminative stimuli for a second group. Depression of one lever in an operant chamber resulted in reinforcement following the administration of morphine or LSD and the opposite lever was reinforced after saline. After discriminated responding was stable, stimulus generalization tests with narcotic analgesics and antagonists showed that the stimulus properties of morphine generalized to methadone and meperidine, and partially to pentazocine, all of which produce morphine-like subjective effects in humans. Morphine stimulus properties did not generalize to nalorphine or cyclazocine, which produce dissimilar subjective effects. The stimulus properties of LSD generalized partially to cyclazocine, but not to nalorphine. In humans cyclazocine and nalorphine produce a high incidence of psychotomimetic effects, but the subjective effects of cyclazocine are differentiable from those of LSD.
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PMID:Generalization of morphine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) stimulus properties to narcotic analgesics. 0 12

Several experiments conducted by our group over a period of 6 years have shown that nutritional stress, especially protein and/or calorie deprivation, leads to many, often dramatic, changes in the immune responses of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. Chronic protein deprivation (CPD) has been shown to create an enhancing effect on the cell-mediated immune responses of these animals. Humoral responses under CPD conditions were most often found to be depressed, but sometimes were unaffected, depending on the nature of the antigen employed. Chronic protein deprivation, consistent with the pattern just mentioned, improved tumor immunity by depressing production of B-cell blocking factors, and, in at least one instance, resistance to development of mammary adenocarcinoma in C3H mice was associated with evidence of increased numbers of T suppressor cells. Profound nutritional deficits (less than 5% protein per total daily food intake) depressed both cellular and humoral immunity. Early, though temporary, protein deprivation caused a long-term depression of both cellular and humoral immunity also, with the humoral component being the first to recover. Manipulation of protein and calories was found to have a profound effect on certain autoimmune conditions. Diets high in fat and low in protein favored reproduction but shortened the life of NZB mice, whereas diets high in protein and low in fat inhibited development of autoimmunity and prolonged life. Chronic moderate protein restriction permitted NZB mice to maintain their normally waning immunologic functions much longer than mice fed a normal protein intake. Further, the low-protein diet was associated with a delay in development of manifestations of autoimmunity. Decreasing dietary calories by a reduction of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins more than doubled the average life span of (NZB X NZW)F1 mice, a strain prone to early death from autoimmune disease. Histopathologic studies using immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that the development of the renal lesions caused by the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes, which is so characteristic of these mice, was markedly delayed.
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PMID:Nutritional deficiency, immunologic function, and disease. 0 88

Sympathomimetic amines reduced the peak tension, time to peak and time to half-relaxation of indirectly elicited twitches of the guinea-pig soleus muscle in vivo. Clonic contractions of the soleus muscle were depressed by the amines. On a molar basis salbutamol and orciprenaline were 5.12 and 80.0 times less potent than (+/-)-isoprenaline in producing these effects. Results obtained with the beta-receptor antagonists propranolol, practolol and H35/25 suggest that the depression in skeletal muscle contractility is due to beta2-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The effects of the amines on twitches and clonic contractions of the guinea-pig soleus muscle are qualitatively similar to those reported previously in the cat soleus muscle preparation, which has been used to assess the possible tremorogenic actions of sympathomimetic bronchodilators. On a quantitative basis the molar dose-ratios of the sympathomimetics used, and the effects of beta-receptor antagonists on the responses, are similar in the two species.
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PMID:Sympathomimetic-induced effects in the soleus muscle of the guinea-pig. 0 32

Antihistamines are a diverse group of drugs which possess the ability to inhibit various histaminic actions. By and large, they bear a certain structural resemblance to histamine, and act principally to prevent histamine-receptor interaction through competition with histamine for histamine receptors. Consequently, they are helpful therapeutically in preventing, rather than reversing, histaminic actions. Individual antihistaminic drugs act to inhibit histaminic action at one or another histamine receptor (H1 or H2-receptor), but not at both receptors. The large number of antihistaminics which have been available for many years and employed chiefly as 'antiallergic' drugs are classified as H1-receptor inhibitors; they are most effective therapeutically in inhibiting manifestations of histamine-induced wheal and erythema formation and pruritus. H2-receptor inhibitors, agents which are able to inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion, have been developed more recently. Antihistaminics in general and H1-receptor inhibitors in particular, exert a wide variety of pharmacological activities. Their use is frequently accompanied by undesirable side-effects, notably CNS depression, dryness of mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal effects. Used judiciously and in proper dosage, antihistaminic drugs are helpful in the control of allergic disorders, allergic rhinitis and urticaria in particular; newly developed H2-receptor inhibitors show therapeutic promise in the treatment of peptic ulceration.
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PMID:Antihistamines: pharmacology and clinical use. 0 70

Whole night EEG and polygraphic recordings were made in ten young, healthy, male volunteers after dixyrazine (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg), methaqualone (250 mg) and Isonox (methaqualone 250 mg + etodroxizine 50 mg). A total of 156 recording nights (36 adaptation nights were not included in the analyses) were scored for different sleep stages according to accepted criteria. The smallest dose of dixyrazine (12.5 mg) had no significant effect upon sleep pattern: the larger doses (25 mg and 50 mg) caused significant decreases in REM-sleep during the first nights of administration. The decrease disappeared during the following two nights of treatment. No withdrawal effects were seen. Methaqualone also caused moderate depression of REM-sleep during the first night of treatment, and this effect, too, disappeared during prolonged administration. Isonox (methaqualone + etodroxizine) had a somewhat stronger surpressive effect upon REM-sleep than methaqualone alone.
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PMID:Effects of dixyrazine and methaqualone on the sleep pattern in normal man. 0 96

The effect of back diffusion of H+ PON THE POTENTIAL DIFFERence (PD), electrical resistance (R), and short circuit current (Isc) of spontaneously secreting and burimamide-inhibited amphibian gastric mucosae were studied in vitro. When back diffusion of H+ was induced by the passage of an electrical current of 510 mua per cm2 from the secretory (S) side of pH 2.25 to the nutrient side (N) for 30 min, the spontaneously secreting mucosae showed small decreases in PD (23.6 leads to 16.2 mv) and Isc (80 leads to 61 mua per cm2) but no significant change in R. In the burimamide-inhibited mucosae there were marked and significantly greater decreases of PD (26.8 leads to 3.4 mv), R (473 leads to 170 ohms cm2) and Isc (50 leads to 13 mua per cm2). When back diffusion of H+ was induced by establishing a concentration gradient of H+ from S leads to N or by exposing the secretory surface to sodium taurocholate with secretory pH 2.25, the burimamide-inhibited tissue demonstrated significantly greater depression of the electrical parameters than the secreting mucosae. Intracellular pH, measured by the 5,5-dimethoxyazolidine-2,4-dione method, was significantly higher in the histamine-stimulated tissues (7.28) than in the metiamide-inhibited tissues (7.11). These studies strongly suggest that the secretory status of the mucosa and hence its acid-base status are important determinants in the tolerance of the tissue to exogenous back diffusion of H+. The measure of absolute loss of H+ From the mucosal solution alone may not be an adequate assessment of the gastric mucosal barrier.
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PMID:Influence of acid secretory state on the gastric mucosal tolerance to back diffusion of H+. 0 31

Biochemical analyses of brain samples of an Animal Model of Depression indicate the state of motionlessness observed in response to a conditioned stimulus was due to an excess in functional activity of serotonin. An excess functional activity of serotonin may be directly responsible for human depressive illness. This conflicting conclusion to the currently popular theories of serotonin deficiency was discussed with reference to the animal and clinical data in the literature which are consistent with the conclusion.
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PMID:Biochemical basis of an animal model of depressive illness--a preliminary report--. 0 42

Some preparations of both native aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli and catalytic subunit have fewer tight binding sites per oligomer for carbamyl-P than the number of catalytic peptide chains. In contrast, the number of sites for the tight-binding inhibitor N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate does equal the number of catalytic chains in each case. Binding of the labile carbamyl-P was determined using rapid gel filtration, with conversion to stable carbamyl-L-aspartate during collection. Native enzyme (six catalytic chains) obtained from cells grown under the conditions of J.C. Gerhart and H. Holoubek (J. Biol. Chem. (1967) 242, 2886-2892) has 5.4 tight sites for carbamyl-P at pH 8.0 (KD = 9.9 muM), whereas native enzyme from cells grown with higher concentrations of glucose, uracil, and histidine (to yield more enzyme per unit volume of culture) has only 1.9 tight sites at pH 8.0 (KD = 4.6 muM) and only 2.3 tight sites at pH 7.0 (KD = 2.6 muM). At pH 8.0, catalytic subunit (three catalytic chains) obtained from the former native enzyme has 2.2 tight sites for carbamyl-P (KD = 2.4 muM) and the number of sites is 2.3 in the presence of 35 mM succinate, whereas catalytic subunit obtained from the latter native enzyme has 1.8 tight sites (KD = 3.6 muM) in the absence of succinate and 2.3 tight sites in its presence. The number of tight binding sites is also less than the number of subunit peptide chains in 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments performed with catalytic subunit and two fluorinated analogs of carbamyl-P at comparable concentrations of analogs and active sites. A model is proposed in which incomplete removal of formylmethionine from the NH2 termini of the enzyme under conditions of extreme depression affects affinity for ligands.
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PMID:Aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli. Heterogeneity of binding sites for carbamyl phosphate and fluorinated analogs of carbamyl phosphate. 0 9

Fetal monitoring data in 200 consecutive cases was evaluated in the second hour prior to delivery to determine how neonatal outcome could be most accurately predicted. It was found that the correlation between ominous fetal heart rate-uterine contraction (FHR-UC) patterns and a depressed Apgar score at 1 minute was, at best, 37%. However, where the last fetal scalp blood pH (FSB-pH) was less than or equal to 7.2, neonatal depression occurred in 88% of cases. FSB-pH, therefore, provided a more reliable means of diagnosing fetal distress.
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PMID:Correlation of fetal heart rate patterns and fetal pH with neonatal outcome. 0 5

The s.c. administration of 20 mg/kg of morphine-HCl produced a decrease in the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLMA) of rats. The decrease in SLMA was significantly antagonized by p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA). When rats pretreated with p-CPA were given 5-hydroxytryptophan before morphine injection, the marked sedative response to morphine was restored, suggesting that the morphine-induced decrease in SLMA of rats may depend on the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine by morphine. By contrast, the s.c. administration of 5 mg/kg of morphine-HCl produced a significant increase in SLMA of rats. The magnitude of the increase was reduced by atropine, scopolamine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. It appears that both adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms participate in the increase in SLMA of rats induced by morphine. Both the increase in SLMA produced by 5 mg/kg of morphine and the decrease in SLMA induced by 20 mg/kg of morphine were completely antagonized by the s.c. administration of naloxone-HCl, 0.0625 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, it appears that the receptor with which morphine interacts to produce stimulation is chemically identical with or very similar to the receptor with which morphine combines to induce depression. The former receptors, however, are likely to be located on different neurons from the latter.
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PMID:Effects of humoral modulators and naloxone on morphine-induced changes in the spontaneous locomotor activity of the rat. 0 52


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