Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The analgesic and acute central nervous system (CNS) side effect potential of the enkephalinase inhibitor SCH 32615 (N-[L-(1-carboxy-2-phenyl)ethyl]-L-phenyl-alanine-beta-alanine) were evaluated after IV administration to mice, rats and squirrel monkeys. In mice, SCH 32615 caused dose-related suppression of acetic acid-induced writhing (minimal effective dose, MED = 3 mg/kg IV). In rats, SCH 32615 produced dose-related increases in the response latencies in the yeast inflamed-paw test (MED = 10 mg/kg IV). In squirrel monkeys, using a new hot-water bath tail-flick test, SCH 32615 significantly prolonged the escape latencies (MED = 100 mg/kg IV). These results in primates are the first data showing an analgesic action of an enkephalinase inhibitor in a reflex model of pain. When measured for its CNS side effect potential, SCH 32615 had no significant effects in rats (up to 100 times its analgesically active doses) or in monkeys (up to three times). In the mouse, at doses 100 times its minimal effective dose, SCH 32615 produced brief convulsions; these lasted only a minute, resolved quickly, and did not cause lethality. In contrast, in rats and squirrel monkeys, the standard opioid analgesic morphine produced profound CNS side effects; this was particularly notable in monkeys, in which morphine's maximal analgesic effects were associated with near lethal respiratory depression. These data demonstrate that SCH 32615 produces selective analgesic actions and that its acute side effect liability is less than that seen with a clinically used standard.
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PMID:Analgesic and acute central nervous system side effects of the intravenously administered enkephalinase inhibitor SCH 32615. 201 47

Acute toxicity of cefpirome sulfate (CPR) was examined in 6-week-old mice and rats and immature (5-day-old) rats. The LD50 values of CPR (mg/kg) were as follows: (1) mice: intravenous, 2420 (95% confidence limits, 2122-2758) for males and 2400 (2181-2640) for females; intraperitoneal, 3850 (3407-4351) for males and 4200 (3889-4536) for females; and oral, 16200 (14781-17755) for males and 18500 (17290-19795) for females. (2) 6-week-old rats: intravenous, 1900 (1784-2023) for males and 2080 (1953-2215) for females; intraperitoneal, 6550 (6179-6943) for males and 5800 (5311-6334) for females; subcutaneous, more than 10000 for both sexes; and oral, more than 8000 for both sexes. (3) 5-day-old rats: subcutaneous, between 1750 and 2500 for males and 2080 (1651-2621) for females. Major changes in general health conditions observed in 6-week-old mice and rats were decreased spontaneous activity, lying prone, tremor, respiratory changes (slow or deep respiration, gasping), clonic or clonic-tonic convulsions. In the 6-week-old rats dosed subcutaneously, vocalization, writhing and cutaneous changes at the injection site (dark reddening or blackening, swelling, exfoliation, depilation, induration) were also observed. In the 5-day-old rats dosed subcutaneously, the changes noted were slow respiration, writhing, cyanosis, and dark reddening and swelling of the skin at the injection site. After administration, transient depression of body weight gain or loss of body weight was observed in the mice and rats except the rats dosed orally. These changes disappeared at 7 days after administration at latest, and all surviving animals showed favorable body weight gain thereafter. Necropsies revealed hemorrhage under meninges in the brain in many of the mice and rats which died. Other findings included subcutaneous changes at the injection site in the 6-week-old and 5-day-old rats dosed subcutaneously (dark reddening, retention of dark red fluid, retention of red, white or dark red gelatinous material) and changes in the peritoneal cavity in the 6-week-old rats dosed intraperitoneally (red or dark red spots on the serous membrane, reddening of adipose tissues).
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PMID:[Acute toxicity study of cefpirome sulfate in mice and rats]. 207 98

A series of 325 or 31.11% children out of 1045 inpatients of neurological cases diagnosed as encephalitis was reviewed in Pediatrics Neurology Subdivision Child Health Department, Medical School, University of North Sumatera/Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan since 1985 to 1988. Boys were more than girls with the ratio of 4:3. Most encephalitis cases (249 or 76.80%) of children occurred in the early age namely before 3 years. Associated diseases were respiratory disease in 61 (45.61%) cases, gastrointestinal disease in 48 (34.67%) cases and measles in 13 (9.35%) cases. There were three mayor clinical features of encephalitis i.e. sudden fever, convulsion and consciousness depression. The cerebrospinal fluid investigation might be normal. There was however mild to moderate lymphocitic pleiositosis with cell numbers varying from 20-200 per cubic mm. The protein content was slightly elevated. The mortality rate was 21.53% (70 cases). There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) found between mortality rate of boys and girls. There was no significant difference (P greater than 0.05) found between mortality rate below and above 3 years of age.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of encephalitis. 207 9

The system between cutaneous (suralis) afferents and dorsal horn neurons was studied for comparison with studies previously performed on the motor axon-Renshaw cell system, using the same methods. In anaesthetized or decerebrated cats, 27 dorsal horn neurons of segments L5 to S1 were recorded extracellularly in depths of 1-2.3 mm from cord dorsum. Cutaneous afferents in branches of the ipsilateral suralis nerve were stimulated with sequences of randomly occurring electrical pulses at two levels of mean rate. The responses of the dorsal horn neurons to the stimuli were evaluated in the frequency and time domain. Calculation of coherence, gain and phase functions (via spectral analysis) showed that the frequency response depended on the precise pattern on cell discharge and could vary from broad-band to low-pass or occasionally band-pass characteristics. There were minor differences in these characteristics with those of Renshaw cells. A special type of nonlinear analysis, using conditional peristimulus-time histograms, showed that the responses to test stimuli were facilitated, depressed or both by conditioning stimuli occurring some tens to a few hundred milliseconds before. Early and late response components could be conditioned individually and differently. Exponential fits to such conditioning curves yielded two time constants for depression (means of 21 and 94 ms) and one for facilitation (14 ms). Similar conditioning effects and time constants were previously found for the motor axon-Renshaw cell system although a few differences were apparent. By analogy, it is suggested that part of the long-lasting conditioning effects (with long time constants) are probably due to presynaptic mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Frequency characteristics and nonlinear features of responses of cat dorsal horn neurons to random stimulation of cutaneous afferents. 213 53

Toxic reaction is the most common side-effect accompanying the local anesthetic administration. Toxic reaction symptoms may manifest as CNS symptoms or cardiovascular systems symptoms. Initially, the toxic reaction symptoms in CNS undergo the stage of stimulation, followed by the stage of depression. A case of toxic reaction to the usual dose of Cystocain DS for mandibular anesthesia in an 11-year-old girl is presented. The symptoms began with poor general condition, nausea, severe vertigo, pallor and excessive perspiration, followed by clonus-type muscular convulsions, with consciousness preserved. Upon hospitalization, convulsions were interrupted by i.v. administration of diazepam. Blood pressure returned to normal, circulation recovered and normal frequency and depth of breathing were resumed. To date, only one similar case of reaction to Cystocain DS was reported to the WHO. Mere possibility as well as seriousness and risk of the occurrence of such a situation require close therapist's observations of each patient receiving any type of local anesthetics.
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PMID:[Convulsions--reaction to intoxication with cystocain DS]. 213 12

Male rats administered with a single i.p. dose of 5 mg/kg methyl parathion, showed the toxic signs of hypercholinergic (anticholinesterase) activity with maximal severity, including muscle fasciculations and convulsions within 15 to 30 min, persisting for about 2 hr. The time course of acetylcholinesterase activity in discrete brain regions (cortex, stem, striatum and hippocampus), heart and hemidiaphragm, indicated its maximal depression during 30 to 60 min after administration of methyl parathion. At this time, a marked reduction in carboxylesterase activity was also evident both in neuronal and nonneuronal tissues, suggesting a tremendous binding to nonacetylcholinesterase serine sites. Pretreatment with memantine hydrochloride (18 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min, and atropine sulfate (16 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before methyl parathion administration, completely prevented the expected toxic signs and significantly (P less than 0.01) attenuated the induced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. When given therapeutically, this combined treatment completely reversed the clinical evidence of methyl parathion toxicity within 10 to 15 min and markedly reduced the acetylcholinesterase inactivation. These results suggest that memantine may counteract the acute methyl parathion toxicity by (a) protection of acetylcholinesterase from inhibition, (b) rapid reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase and (c) rapid bioelimination of methyl parathion, in addition to cholinolytic effects of atropine sulfate.
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PMID:Methyl parathion acute toxicity: prophylaxis and therapy with memantine and atropine. 224 28

A patient with benign familial neonatal convulsions was presented. The patient had the first episode of cyanosis on the second day of life. Thereafter, he also experienced focal clonic and/or multifocal clonic seizures. The interictal EEG showed no definite abnormality. Between the seizures he appeared well and physical examination was essentially normal. Treatment with phenobarbital (4 mg/kg/day, P. O.) was started and subsequently he had no further seizures until 3 months. At the age of 4 months, he was admitted to the hospital again because of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The interictal EEG showed sporadic spikes dominantly in the right central area. The findings of ictal EEG at that time are characterized by fast spiking of increasing amplitude during the tonic phase. During the clonic phase, there are repetitive+ bursts of spikes and sharps mixed with persisting muscle potential. The termination of the convulsion is characterized by general voltage depression. Clinical characteristics such as seizure types, EEG findings, responses to antiepileptic drugs and recurrence of the seizures found in our propositus were compared with those of the patients previously reported in the literature.
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PMID:[Benign familial neonatal convulsion: clinical features of the propositus and comparison with the previously reported cases]. 226 Dec 34

We treated a 30-year-old man for whom Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) had been prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis, and who had taken 4 g orally to end his life. Symptoms of severe intoxication due to (hydroxy)chloroquine are rapid onset of hypoventilation, cardiovascular collapse with bradycardia, peripheral vasodilation, arrhythmias and convulsions. The lethal dose of chloroquine has been estimated at 3-5 g in adults and at 0.75-I g in young children. Acute intoxication should be treated with aspiration of gastric contents, artificial ventilation in case of hypoventilation and intravenous or intratracheal dopamine, noradrenaline or adrenaline in case of cardiovascular depression and peripheral vasodilation. Arrhythmias and convulsions should be treated symptomatically. The patient in our case survived the intoxication and is now under psychiatric treatment.
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PMID:[A patient with acute hydroxychloroquine poisoning; recommendation for treatment]. 226 76

Serum magnesium (Mg) was measured in 6,252 patients; in 1,246 (19.9%) the value was abnormal. Hypermagnesemia (serum Mg greater than or equal to 3.9 mg/dl) was observed in 51 patients (0.8%) and hypomagnesemia (Mg less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl) in 165 (2.6%). Hypermagnesemia was found in patients with renal failure treated with Mg-containing antacids or cathartics, or with eclamptic convulsions treated with Mg sulfate. The most frequent clinical finding of hypermagnesemia was urinary disturbance, although various other neurological signs and symptoms were observed. Hypomagnesemia was seen in patients with various diseases such as cancer, hepatic cirrhosis, cerebrovascular disease, and generally poor condition. Abnormalities of electrolytes other than Mg were also frequently observed. The most common clinical findings of hypomagnesemia were personality changes and depression. The differentiation from psychiatric disease is important.
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PMID:An analysis of hypermagnesemia and hypomagnesemia. 227 20

Seven patients with delayed traumatic epidural and subdural haematomas who were treated at the Neurosurgical Centre, Nijmegen between 1975 and 1985 were reviewed. There were 3 males and 4 females with ages ranging from 16 to 70 years. Clinical signs which necessitated re-investigation in these patients included deteriorating level of consciousness in 3 patients, progressive hemiparesis in 1; extensor motor response and pupillary dilatation in 1; bradycardia in 1; and vomiting, severe headache and fits in 1 patient. Analysis of the initial CT-scan or angiography films demonstrated cerebral contusion in 4 patients and skull fractures in 5 cases. Of the 5 skull fractures there was a minor depression in 2 cases.
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PMID:Delayed intracranial haematomas. 228 94


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