Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Adult male mice, rats, and guinea pigs were subjected to intense sound stimulation of an electric bell (100 dB, 12 kHz for 60 s) after a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of metaphit (1-(1-(3 isothiocyanatophenyl)-cyclohexyl)piperidine) (50 mg/kg). When the animals were tested 24 h after administration of metaphit, audiogenic seizures were observed. None of the control saline-injected animals had convulsions. EEG recordings demonstrated the appearance of paroxysmal activity and spike-wave complexes in the trace from cortical and hippocampal electrodes, with frequency and amplitude increasing with time. Behaviorally, myoclonic jerks of facial muscles, ears, and neck appeared, but no correlation was noted between EEG and the motor phenomena. Auditory stimulation was necessary to elicit the full-blown sequence of seizure responses consisting of wild running followed by clonic and then tonic extension. At the time of seizures, repetitive high-amplitude spikes and waves appeared in the EEG, followed by profound EEG and behavioral depression. None of the animals died during or immediately after seizures. The seizure response to sound stimulation of mice, rats, and guinea pigs was phenomenologically similar, with minor differences in quantitative pattern of convulsive components, which suggests that all three animal species share the common property of extreme susceptibility to audiogenic stimulation caused by metaphit administration.
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PMID:Electroencephalographic characteristics of audiogenic seizures induced in metaphit-treated small rodents. 174 49

Acrylonitrile (VCN) is an aliphatic nitrile which is used extensively in manufacturing of synthetic fibers, plastics, and rubber. Although the neurotoxicity of VCN is recognized, no thorough characterization of this effect has been reported. Current studies were designed to quantitatively characterize the acute phase of VCN-induced cholinomimetic neurotoxicity, and to determine the effects of dose, route of administration, and atropine on such toxicity. Administration of a single gavage or subcutaneous doses of 20, 40, or 80 mg VCN/kg to male Sprague-Dawley rats causes two distinctive phases of acute neurotoxic effects. Signs observed in the early phase had a rapid onset, and were cholinomimetic in nature. They included salivation, lacrimation, chromodacryorrhea, polyuria, miosis, vasodilatation in face, ears and extremities, increased gastric secretion, and diarrhea. A late phase developed hours after VCN dosing, and the toxic signs included depression, convulsions, and respiratory failure followed by death at high doses. These results revealed that the cholinomimetic toxicity induced by VCN was dose related regardless of the route of administration. In another study, rats were pretreated with atropine (1 mg/kg, IP) prior to VCN (40 mg/kg) in order to investigate the role of the cholinergic system. Atropine protected rats against VCN-induced cholinomimetic neurotoxicity, suggesting possible involvement of the cholinergic system. Finally, this work provides essential basic information for studying the biochemical, pharmacological, and neurological basis of VCN-induced neurotoxicity in the rat.
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PMID:Assessment of the acute acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. 175 2

In 1960 Ottosson published the first specific depression rating scale (the Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale) designed to be sensitive in measuring change during antidepressive therapy. Ottosson and his group have never used factor analysis to validate the scale, as the items of the scale were used factor analysis to validate the scale, as the items of the scale were selected on a preconceived idea for homogeneity, i.e. having a monotonic correspondence to the underlying dimension of severity of depression. The most appropriate method of testing the construct validity of the Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale is latent structure analysis. Using the original Ottosson data, a latent structure analysis has been made showing that the 8 items of the scale are homogeneously related, i.e. can be ordered on one dimension of severity of depression. The descriptive statistic of a 50% reduction of pretreatment score (or more) equaled the global clinical score of moderate to excellent improvement. Both scales showed that, already after 4 electroconvulsive treatments, about 80% of depressed patients who received adequate fits had moderate to excellent improvement, whereas only around 40% of depressed patients who received inadequate fits improved moderately or excellently.
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PMID:The Cronholm-Ottosson Depression Scale: the first depression scale designed to rate changes during treatment. 177 97

Cyanide is known to initiate release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells and isolated adrenals but the effect of cyanide on plasma catecholamine levels has not been reported. The present study demonstrates that cyanide produces marked elevation of plasma catecholamines in mice. A sublethal dose of KCN (5 mg/kg, sc) significantly increased plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) at 5 min after administration, and the elevated levels returned to normal at 15 min. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, NE and EPI plasma levels remained elevated over a 15 min period. Multiple exposures to sublethal doses of KCN (5 mg/kg, sc, 4 doses at 15 min intervals) produced a steep, sustained rise in plasma NE and EPI. Administration of KCN (15.6 micrograms) directly into the lateral ventricles of the brain caused convulsions and respiratory depression, but did not affect plasma catecholamine levels. Pretreatment with pargyline did not alter the magnitude of the response to KCN. Adrenalectomy prevented the increase in plasma EPI and had no influence on plasma NE levels, indicating cyanide acts directly on the adrenals to stimulate EPI release. It is proposed that KCN directly stimulates the sympathoadrenal axis to increase plasma catecholamine levels.
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PMID:Cyanide-induced increases in plasma catecholamines: relationship to acute toxicity. 179 1

p-Cresol methylhydroxylase (PCMH) isolated from Pseudomonas putida is an alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer of approximate subunit Mr 49,000 and 9,000. It is a flavocytochrome c containing covalently bound FAD in the larger subunit and covalently bound heme in the smaller. Crystals in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit-cell parameters a = 140.3 A, b = 130.6 A, and c = 74.1 A contain one full molecule per asymmetric unit and diffract anisotropically to about 2.8-A resolution in two directions and to about 3.3-A resolution in the third. An electron density map has been computed at a nominal resolution of 3.0 A by use of area detector data from native crystals and from two derivatives. The phases were improved with the B.C. Wang solvent leveling procedure, and the map was averaged about the noncrystallographic 2-fold axis. The cytochrome subunit, whose amino acid sequence is known, has been fitted to the electron density on a graphics system. The course of the polypeptide chain of the flavoprotein subunit, whose sequence is mostly unknown, has been traced in a minimap and a model of polyalanine fitted to the electron density on the graphics system. The flavoprotein subunit consists of three domains in close contact. The N-terminal domain consists largely of beta-structure and contains most of the FAD binding site. The second domain contains a seven-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet of unusual topology connected by antiparallel alpha-helices on one side. The flavin ring lies at the juncture of the first two domains. The third domain lies against the first domain and helps cover the rest of the FAD chain. The cytochrome subunit resembles other small cytochromes such as c-551 and c5 and fits into a depression on the surface of the large flavoprotein subunit. The flavin and heme planes are nearly perpendicular, the normals to the planes being approximately 65 degrees apart. The two groups are separated by about 8 A, the distance from one of the vinyl methylene carbon atoms of the heme to the 8 alpha-methyl group of the flavin ring.
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PMID:Three-dimensional structure of p-cresol methylhydroxylase (flavocytochrome c) from Pseudomonas putida at 3.0-A resolution. 184 90

A family with benign familial neonatal convulsions (BFNC) was presented. The propositus had his first episodes of cyanosis on the second day after birth. Thereafter, he also experienced multifocal clonic and/or focal clonic seizures. Between the seizures he appeared well and was essentially normal upon physical examination. Treatment with phenobarbital (4 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was started, and subsequently, he had no further seizures until 3 months of age. At the age of 4 months, he was again admitted to the hospital because of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The findings of ictal EEG at that time were characterized by fast spiking with increasing amplitude during the tonic phase. During the clonic phase, there were repetitive bursts of spikes or sharp waves mixed with persisting muscle potentials. The termination of the convulsion was characterized by general voltage depression. Reference to previously reported cases of BFNC revealed that 10-15% of patients with this disorder had epilepsies later in life.
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PMID:Benign familial neonatal convulsions: clinical features of the propositus and comparison with the previously reported cases. 185 17

Cocaine produces stimulation, depression, convulsions and death, and binds at several receptor sites. Thus cocaine may produce toxicity through similar or distinct pathways from those associated with stimulation. Genetic differences in stimulant response to cocaine have recently been reported for four inbred rat strains, ACI, F344, LEW and NBR. In the present study, significant genetic differences were found in cocaine-induced lethality, with a two-fold difference in LD50 values seen between the most sensitive (NBR) and least sensitive (LEW) strains. Sensitivity to lethality was not correlated with sensitivity to stimulation, but was highly correlated with baseline activity. This lack of strong association between stimulant and lethal effects of cocaine may be important in clinical manifestations of the cocaine sudden death syndrome.
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PMID:Cocaine toxicity: genetic differences in cocaine-induced lethality in rats. 187 Dec 2

Dehydration, in childhood as in adulthood, may origin from an inadequate water ingestion or an excessive water elimination. Causes may be found in fever, vomiting, scalds, pulmonary hyperventilation, diabetes. Water loss during acute diarrhea in children can be even 6-7 times higher in comparison with an healthy child. Together with water, electrolytes are lost. We differentiate dehydration in isonatremic d. (70% of cases), hyponatremic d. (10%) and hypernatremic d. (20%) basing on Sodium loss. Important dehydration causes severe clinical symptoms as shock, renal and cardiocirculatory failure, convulsion, coma. Symptoms at the central nervous system level derivate both from hyperosmolarity in brain cells and from thrombosis or hemorrhages in subdural sites. Dehydration, following acute diarrhea, is slight when weight loss is lower than 5%. The child health conditions still remain good. Dehydration become moderate if weight loss reaches 5% and the child starts suffering. When the weight loss reaches 10%, dehydration is now severe and circulatory deficiency becomes evident. When it is higher than 10%, prognosis is very severe and shock and coma may be observed. In the present work, we illustrate the different ways of rehydration after acute diarrhea. Initially, oral rehydration must be established with one of the oral solutions, differing each other for amount of electrolytes and glucose. Recently, a new solution, "supersolution", has been presented differing from the other ones for electrolytes concentration and for the presence of rice starch instead of glucose. In most cases of diarrhea, oral rehydration appears adequate but sometimes an intravenous rehydration becomes necessary, e.g. in case of vomiting, CNS depression and in any case of severe gastroenteric symptomatology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Dehydrated child]. 189 82

During 1984-1989, 19 Bedouin children, 4-8 years old, were hospitalized because of henbane plant (Hyoscyamus reticulatus) poisoning. There were 14 cases in the autumn, 3 in the spring and 2 in the summer. The most prominent signs were altered state of consciousness (including deep coma in 3) and flushed dry, warm skin in all. Pupils were dilated in 18 of the 19 and restlessness and hallucinations were present in 17. Less common were vomiting, increased tendon reflexes, convulsions, involuntary movements, ataxia, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and tachycardia. Therapy included intravenous physostigmine in 7 and sedatives (diazepam and triclofos) in 6. All were free of symptoms within 24 hours of admission. Henbane may grow as an annual or biennial. Renewed growth of leaf rosettes occurs before the first rains and they attract attention in the fields. The parts of the plant eaten by most of the children were the roots, which are easily mistaken for the edible roots of other plants. The main alkaloids in henbane are atropine (hyoscyamine) and scopolamine (hyoscine) which explains the clinical picture of mixed stimulation and depression of the brain. Educational measures should be undertaken to prevent poisoning of Bedouin children by eating such plants.
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PMID:[Henbane (Hyoscyamus reticulatus) poisoning in children in the Negev]. 195 6

From 1976 to 1980, there were 3,193 admissions due to acute drug overdosage at the resuscitation centre of the Rudolf-Virchow-Hospital, Free University of Berlin. The frequency and the characteristics of selfpoisoning with antidepressants and low-potency neuroleptic drugs (mainly perazine and thioridazine) were determined. These drugs were involved in 92 cases (3%) during this five-year period. Amitriptyline--in combination with a benzodiazepine--was the most common antidepressant taken by the patients. Ten of the patients required assisted ventilation. Complete ECG recordings were carried out in 24 patients. The most common abnormality was a prolonged QTc interval (21 patients) followed by a QRS duration of 0.11 seconds or longer (17 patients). Sinus tachycardia was present in half of the cases. In no cases did the medical records describe convulsions or cardiac arrhythmias requiring special treatment. The percentage of patients showing ECG changes and respiratory depression was higher when other drugs such as ethanol were ingested along with antidepressants than when only antidepressants were taken. One patient died after six weeks in hospital due to a complicated abscess. From 1976 to 1980, the incidence of antidepressant selfpoisoning was relatively low compared with findings from other studies. Data from other studies suggest that, in the period 1980-1987, there was an increase in the incidence of antidepressant selfpoisoning, at least in the West Berlin and Munich areas. However, these figures are much lower than those reported by British, American, and Australian authors.
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PMID:Tricyclic neuroleptic and antidepressant overdose: epidemiological, electrocardiographic, and clinical features--a survey of 92 cases. 196 53


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