Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A comparative study of the effect of some benzodiazepine deprivatives (chlonazepam, lorazepam, diazepam, and medazepam) on the recovery cycles of the interzonal response was carried out on unanesthetized curare-immobilized cats. These drugs proved to selectively inhibit the testing potential within the range of 20 to 100 msec. between the conditioning and the testing stimuli. This indicates that potentiation of GABA-ergic inhibition in the cerebral cortex. The threshold doses of the drugs inducing the depression of the test response and of ED50, preventing the development of convulsions, caused by GABA deficiency or by GABA-ergic receptor block, were compared; a correlation between the mentioned effects was demonstrated. The significance of GABA-positive effect of benzodiazepines in the mechanism of their anticonvulsive activity is suggested.
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PMID:[Inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex and the anticonvulsive action of benzodiazepine derivatives]. 2 Oct 7

Physical fatigue is a painful phenomenon which is localised in overstressed muscles. Mental fatigue is a diffuse sensation of weariness; it is a functional state, one of several intermediate conditions between the two extremes of alarm and sleep. A neurophysiological model of fatigue, involving an activating and inhibitory system has been developed. Fatigue in industrial practice has clinical symptoms: psychic instability, fits of depression and increased liability to illness. Indicators of fatigue are work of performance, subjective feelings of fatigue, electroencephalography, flicker-fusion frequency and various psychomotor and mental tests. Several field studies do, to some extent, confirm the above-mentioned concept of fatigue.
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PMID:Fatigue in industry. 4 Sep 99

The single drug therapy of diazepam can be introduced to effectively control convulsions in eclampsia. This treatment will have particular application in rural obstetrics where eclampsia is seen in severe form. The dose schedule of diazepam, as described in this study, shows the therapy to have a stabilizing effect on hypertension and pulse rate. It causes neither respiratory depression nor oliguria. Diazepam is an effective muscle relaxant. Its depressive effect on the newborn is in no way inferior to that of lytic cocktail therapy. The drug is readily available at low cost, even in the remote rural areas, and can be easily administered by any doctor or midwife.
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PMID:Diazepam therapy in eclampsia. 4 87

The unilateral and bilateral therapy differ in psycho-organic effects but have the same antidepressive efficiency. This is due to the facts that the organic effects are mainly caused by the electrical current whereas the antidepressive effect is dependent on the seizure activity. Compared to the bilateral treatment, unilateral gives reduced confusion, anterograde and retrograde amnesia as well as reduced experience of memory impairment. The difference is explained by a lower density of current in the brain. The unilateral treatment should be the treatment to be chosen. The antidepressive action of ECT fits the amine hypothesis, ECT causes a sustained increase of the synthesis of norepinephrine and of the sensitivity of amine receptors and creates conditions for alleviating both "low-output" and "low-sensitivity" depression. The antidepressive action is probably mediated by release of hypothalamic neurohormones.
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PMID:[Unilateral and bilateral shock therapy: mechanism of action (author's transl)]. 4 67

Three different slow potential (SP) changes resulting from focal brain injury are described. The first is an immediate, high amplitude (in excess of 25 mV)negative shift at the site of injury. The second is a biphasic negative-positive SP wave which spreads throughout the cortex ipsilateral to injury and is similar to spreading depression (SD). The third SP change, called here the injury-induced diffuse slow potential (IDSP)is a prolonged (lasting approx. 2h) negative shift occurring simultaneously in many brain areas, also in those far removed from the injured focus. The SD can be separated from IDSP by the size of focal injury; a 20 mu pucture of the parenchyma will trigger IDSP but not SD. An injury resulting from a larger puncture triggers both, SD and IDSP. IDSPcan not be induced by a re-entry of a previously damaged tissue. The magnitude of IDSP has anatomical specificity in that the largest amplitude occurrs in white as compared to gray of the cortex or of the caudate nucleus. Aso, the magnitude of the hypothalamic IDSP is larger when ipsilateral corpus callosum-commissural regions are injured. Electrical stimulation of the cortex in rats sufficiently strong to result in tonic-clonic convulsions triggers SD and IDSP; these two slow potential changes are similar to those induced by mechanical injury. A transpinnate electrical stimulus strong enough to elicit a grand-mal type of discharge results in a diffuse negative slow potential change similar to IDSP elicited by mechanical damage or direct cortical stimulation.
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PMID:An injury-induced diffuse slow potential from brain. 4 17

70 chronic alcoholics in the withdrawal state, 45 with convulsions and 25 controls without convulsive seizures, were tested with respect to electrolyte changes and acid base balance in serum or blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It was of special interest to note that there was a partial independence between magnesium levels in serum and CSF. Thus the serum level has only a limited liability as to magnesium depletion suggested to be responsible for seizure precipitation. In the seizure group a slightly but significantly lower magnesium, potassium and calcium in CSF and a significant decrease of potassium and calcium in serum were revealed. In the nonzeizure controls a similar decrease of magnesium in serum and potassium in CSF was observed while serum potassium and calcium in CSF and serum remained in low normal range. In both groups there was a prominent respiratory alkalosis. The role of magnesium depression for seizure precipitation is discussed with respect to the concomitant changes of other electrolytes and acid base disturbances.
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PMID:Electrolyte changes and acid base balance after alcohol withdrawal, with special reference to rum fits and magnesium depletion. 6 5

Overnight metabolic studies in 39 poorly controlled insulin-treated diabetic patients aged 9 to 66 years showed hypoglycaemia (blood-glucose less than 2 mmol/1) in 22 patients; it lasted 3 h or more in 17. Hypoglycaemic symptoms were very mild or absent, but 19 patients had other features of overtreatment with insulin. These included lethargy, depression, night sweats, morning headaches, fits (3 patients), glycogen-laden hepatomegaly (3), and acquired tolerance to high doses of insulin (mean 1 u/kg/24 h). The best clinical clue to recurrent nocturnal hypoglycaemia was the intermittent occurrence of symptoms, however "mild" and infrequent these appeared to be. Reduction of insulin by a mean of 25% in these patients (without change of species) did not result in loss of overall control; 1 patient with recurrent ketoacidosis was stablished on 40% of his initial dose. It is difficult, sometimes impossible, to achieve good overnight control with conventional once or twice daily insulin therapy. Since patients readily become tolerant of low blood-glucose levels, reliance on urine tests and symptoms of hypoglycaemia as a guide to dosage easily produces a spiral of overtreatment.
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PMID:Unrecognised nocturnal hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated diabetics. 8 75

In connection with stereotactic examinations and operations, mainly in certain forms of epilepsy, the electro-subcorticogram under, vestibular stimulations was recorded by telemetry. The amount of informat ion obtained was analysed by electronic data processing. A number of vegetative parameters and the electro-oculogram could be recorded at the same time. Regular bioelectric reaction of the desynchronisation type or of the oscillation depression type were found. In the presence of focal or generalised convulsions, a weakening of the epileptic discharges were observed under labyrinthine stimulation. Also the sense of rotation leads to special influences. The method is also of importance for the postoperative phase as it represents an adaptation of the requirements of modern living conditions (acute accelerations, breaking and changes in direction). Finally, information about the dominance of interfocal relations can also be obtained.
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PMID:[Tele-electrosubcorticogram study of reactions to vestibular stimulation in neurosurgical clinical practice]. 10 86

The mechanisms of the anticonvulsant activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and the central excitation of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) were investigated electrophysiologically with conscious, unrestrained cobalt epileptic rats. The well-known antiepileptics, trimethadione (TMO), ethosuximide (ESM), and phenytoin (PHT), were included as reference drugs. Direct measurements were made of spontaneously firing, epileptic potentials from a primary focus on the parietal cortex and convulsions were monitored visually. ESM and TMO decreased the frequency of focal potentials, but PHT and CBD exerted no such effect. Although CBD did not suppress the focal abnormality, it did abolish jaw and limb clonus; in contrast, delta 9-THC markedly increased the frequency of focal potentials, evoked generalized bursts of polyspikes, and produced frank convlusions. 11-OH-delta 9-THC, the major metabolite of delta 9-THC, displayed only one of the excitatory properties of the parent compound: production of bursts of polyspikes. In contrast to delta 9-THC and its 11-OH metabolite, CBD, even in very high doses, did not induce any excitatory effects or convulsions. The present study provides the first evidence that CBD exerts anticonvulsant activity against the motor manifestations of a focal epilepsy, and that the mechanism of the effect may involve a depression of seizure generation or spread in the CNS.
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PMID:The influence of cannabidiol and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cobalt epilepsy in rats. 11 6

A patient who had swallowed a high dose of alpha-chloralose (AC) exhibited a severe CNS depression, myoclonic convulsions and a flat EEG tracing. An episode of respiratory depression occurred also during hospitalization. The cerebral electrical activity reappeared after 18 hrs., EEG and clinical pictures subsequently showing a rapid improvement. Chemical tests revealed the presence of 0.3 mg/100 ml of trichloroethanol in the blood. Treatment included the administration of diazepam against convulsions and assisted respiration. This case confirms previous clinical and experimental observations, proving that AC should be regarded as a convulsant in addition to being an anesthetic agent.
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PMID:Electrocerebral changes in acute alpha-chloralose poisoning: a case report. 11 40


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