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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sublingual and oesophageal temperatures were compared at various air temperatures in 16 subjects. In warm air (25-44 degrees C) sublingual temperatures stabilized within plus or minus 0-45 degrees C of oesophageal temperatures, but in air at room temperature (18-24 degrees C) they were sometimes as much as 1-1 degrees C below and in cold air (5-10 degrees C) as much as 4-4 degrees C below oesophageal readings. The sublingual-oesophageal temperature difference in cold air was greatly reduced by keeping the face warm, but it was not reduced in two patients breathing through tracheostomies and thereby eliminating cold air flow from the nose and pharynx. Parotid saliva temperature was low and saliva flow high during exposure, and cold saliva seemed to be mainly responsible for the erratic depression of sublingual temperature in the cold. These results indicate hazards in the casual use of sublingual temperatures, and indicate that external heat may have to be supplied to enable them to give reliable clinical assessments of body temperature.
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PMID:Depression of sublingual temperature by cold saliva. 112 75

In vivo effect of glucagon on blood-free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was investigated in rats adapted to 25 degree C and to 5 degree C. Intraperitoneal injection of glucagon in 100 or 25 mug/100 g body weight doses was followed by a triphasic response in blood FFA concentration: an immediate and marked rise at 5 min, a secondary depression at 60 min and a final rise at 120 to 240 min after the injectionss. For the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight injections, an initial increment was significantly lowered and no elevation at 240 min was observed. Concomitant elevations of blood glucose concentration were shown 5 min after glucagon injection of 100, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses and their extents were not significantly different each other between these doses. However, rise in blood glucose level at 60 min was not seen at the 12.5 and 6.25 mug/100 g body weight doses. Blood lactate concentrations did not show any significant variations by the injections of glucagon. In fasting rats, glucagon at the 100 mug/100 g body weight dose caused similar increase in blood FFA as that in fed ones. In fed cold-adapted rats at 5 degree C glucagon at the dose of 100 mug/100 g body weight brought about similar effects in elevation of blood FFA level and its time-course as those in fed rats adapted to 25 degree C. However, under fasting condition cold-adapted animals exhibited greater increment in blood FFA level at 5 min than those adapted to 25 degree C, while an elevation of blood FFA at 240 min was not observed in the former animals. These results indicate for the first time an in vivo lipolytic action of glucagon in rats and further suggest an enhanced sensitivity to lipolytic action of glucagon in cold adaptation.
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PMID:In vivo lipolytic effect of glucagon in warm-adapted and cold-adapted rats. 117 71

In order to assess the long-term effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in combination with pupular methods of myocardial protection, 37 dogs were placed on CPB for 100 minutes with the use of a bubble oxygenator without hemodilution. A separate group (I) of eight normal dogs served as a control for assessment of hemodynamic changes. The operative groups were as follows: II, continuous coronary perfusion with an empty, beating heart for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C.; III, hypothermic anoxic arrest (aortic occlusion) for 60 minutes with topical cold saline lavage (4 degrees C.); IV, anoxic arrest for 60 minutes at 35 degrees C. Subgroups of Groups III and IV received intracoronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sacks' solution during aortic occlusion and were compared with those animals receiving no perfusion. Survival in Groups II and III was significantly better than in Group IV (82 and 92 per cent vs. 45 per cent). Coronary perfusion with Ringer's lactate or Sack's solution did not influence survival. The 23 survivors from all groups underwent left heart catheterization and LV cineangiography 5 months after operation. All three operative groups had significant elevation of LVEDP and depression of maximum developed dp/dt when compared with normal dogs. Ejection fraction was significantly depressed in Groups III and IV, and there was evidence of left ventricular hypokinesia and/or akinesia in all three operative groups. Differences in function between Groups II, III, and IV were not significant. The use of intracoronary solutions during anoxic arrest did not significantly influence these functional alterations. Evidence of subendocardial fibrosis was found in each of the operative groups, with the most marked changes found in the normothermic arrest group. Moderate fibrosis was present, however, in some survivors in both the continuous coronary perfusion and topical hypothermic arrest groups. These data indicate that although survival is greatly enhanced when coronary artery perfusion or topical hypothermia is used, neither method prevents chronic deterioration in ventricular function nor the development of subendocardial fibrosis.
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PMID:Long-term morphologic and hemodynamic evaluation of the left ventricle after cardiopulmonary bypass. A comparison of normothermic anoxic arrest, coronary artery perfusion, and profound topical cardiac hypothermia. 118 84

Small lesions in the brain stem (including the hypothalamus) of the European hamster were effective with respect to food intake, hibernatory disposition and thermogenic power (oxygen consumption) as well. Hyperphagia was accompanied by depression of hibernation mostly. Moreover, hibernation was hindered by impairment of the thermogenic capacity. Entrance into hibernation depended on the integrity of the middle and caudal hypothalamic areas and the rostral portions of the pons and midbrain. Hyperphagia resulted from destruction of the middle (ventromedial) hypothalamic and caudal hypothalamic areas, including transition structures to the pons. A depression of thermogenesis against cold was observed after destruction of supramammillary and neighbouring mesencephalic areas. Supplementary results: An annual metabolic rhythm characterized by a minimum in december has been established once more. Urethane anesthesia did not abolish cold thermogenesis, despite the development of a slight hypothermia. Poikilothermia resulting from brain stem damage disappeared during a three-day period. Furthermore, diencephalic lesions did not suppress arousal from hibernation significantly.
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PMID:[Effect of brain stem lesions on hibernation of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus L.)]. 119 40

In patients with endogenous depression imipramine normalizes vascular responses in vegetative tests (orthostatic test, Schellong's test, cold pressor test). The highest percentages of normal vegetative tests during treatment with imipramine were observed in patients in remission of symptoms of depression. The orthostatic tests seem to have the highest diagnostic value. In tests based on measurement of surface temperature imipramine improved function of the vascular system.
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PMID:Influence of imipramine on the circulatory system in the course of endogenous depressive syndromes. II. Influence of imipramine on vascular reflexes. 122 Jun 31

An attempt has been made to characterize so-called "responders" to cold among patients with effort angina. Forty-nine such patients, unselected with regard to their history of reactions to cold, who showed ST depressions during and after exercise, were examined. They worked on a bicycle ergometer close to their maximum capacity, Wmax, at room temperature (about 23 degrees C) and in a cold room (-15 degrees C). ECG was recorded and a rating scale was used to estimate the perceived exertion during exercise (RPE). The presence of angina pectoris during exercise and its duration after exercise was recorded by an EA score. An EA/W index was used to estimate the severity of the effort angina. In the whole group, the mean Wmax decreased and the mean ST depressions, RPE, and EA/W index (but not EA score) increased on exposure to cold. The changes in these variables due to exposure to cold were all associated (but not the EA score). Criteria requiring a decrease in Wmax or increase in ST depression, RPE or EA/W index on cold exposure identified 53 to 63 percent of the patients. By combining the criteria, the number of patients, who were identified, decreased. If all the criteria were applied, about 30 percent of the patients were identified as "responders" to cold and they showed the most marked responses. Thus several exercise ECG test parameters may be used to reliably define "responders" to cold exposure. This may enhance future studies of the response reaction.
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PMID:Reaction of patients with effort angina to cold exposure during exercise. 136 14

The effects of depletion of the serotonin precursor, L-tryptophan, on the threshold and tolerance to cold pressor pain, and the analgesic effect of morphine (10 mg intramuscularly), were tested in a double blind trial on human volunteers. Effects on mood were also assessed using the Profile of Mood States and the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) Scales. To deplete tryptophan, subjects were fed a tryptophan-deficient amino acid mixture 4.5 h before morphine was administered. Controls received the mixture with tryptophan, which is equivalent to a nutritionally balanced protein. The tryptophan-deficient meal reduced plasma tryptophan more than 70% but had no effect on threshold or tolerance to cold pressor pain. After morphine, tolerance to cold pressor pain increased in controls. Tryptophan depletion abolished this analgesic effect. Pain threshold was not altered by morphine. In subjects with normal tryptophan, the analgesic effect of morphine was predicted by the level of plasma morphine-6-glucuronide, but not by the level of morphine. Morphine increased scores on the LSD scale of the ARCI, but had no effect on other measures of mood. Tryptophan depletion also failed to alter mood in these subjects, who had unusually low depression scores before tryptophan depletion.
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PMID:Acute tryptophan depletion blocks morphine analgesia in the cold-pressor test in humans. 141 Jan 47

Upper airway cooling depresses ventilation in the newborn dog. Since airway cooling stimulates laryngeal cold receptors and inhibits laryngeal mechanoreceptors, the type of afferent ending responsible for this reflex cannot be easily identified. l-menthol, a specific stimulant of cold receptors in the absence of any cooling, has been used to ascertain the discrete role of upper airway cold receptors in this ventilatory depression. Experiments were carried out in 8 anesthetized 7-14-day-old dogs breathing through a tracheostomy with the upper airway functionally isolated. Constant flows of warm air (37 degrees C), with and without addition of l-menthol, and cold air (25 degrees C) were delivered through the upper airway in the expiratory direction. As compared to warm air trials, cold air and warm air + l-menthol trials greatly reduced ventilation (57.5 +/- 10.7% and 52.8 +/- 11.7% of control, respectively; P less than 0.01) mostly due to a prolongation of Te (291.2 +/- 106.4% and 339.2 +/- 90.0%, respectively, P less than 0.01). Section of the superior laryngeal nerve abolished the response to cold air. However, a residual depressive effect of l-menthol was still present in 3 of 5 animals and was abolished by nasal anesthesia, suggesting the involvement of nasal cold receptors. The results suggest that in the newborn dog stimulation of laryngeal cold receptors, without any concurrent inhibition of laryngeal mechanoreceptors, is a sufficient stimulus to cause respiratory depression.
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PMID:Menthol in the upper airway depresses ventilation in newborn dogs. 141 Aug 43

Pain ratings during the cold pressor test were significantly lower in female inpatients with borderline personality disorder who report that they do not experience pain during self-injury (BPD-NP group, n = 11), compared with similar patients who report that they do experience pain during self-injury (BPD-P group, n = 11), and normal female subjects (n = 6). Pain ratings were not significantly different in the BPD-P and normal control groups. Self-report ratings of depression, anger, anxiety, and confusion were significantly lower, and ratings of vigor significantly higher following the cold pressor test in the BPD-NP group, but not in the BPD-P group. Only anxiety was significantly lower in the normal control group following the cold pressor test. The implications and limitations of these preliminary findings are discussed.
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PMID:Pain perception in self-injurious patients with borderline personality disorder. 144 67

This study investigated how specific expressive behaviors (verbal report of pain level and the frequency of emitting specific non-verbal facial expressions of pain) may change over the course of a chronic pain condition. Based on the concept of chronic pain behaviors, we hypothesized that both verbal and non-verbal behavior would increase with duration of pain. Thirty-six women with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain (duration over 6 months) were compared with 35 recent onset cases (first episode, duration < or = 2 months). Subjects completed questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety, somatization, daily hassles and pain coping strategies. They were videotaped during a resting baseline and 2 painful conditions: experimental cold pressor pain and the clinically relevant pain of palpation of the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joint; tapes were coded for facial expression using the Facial Action Coding System. Visual analog scale (VAS) ratings of the aversiveness and intensity of ongoing TMD pain were collected at baseline, and similar ratings of cold pressor and clinical examination pain were gathered after the painful stimulus. Recent onset and chronic cases did not differ on self-report measures of anxiety, depression, somatization or daily stress. Coping strategies were also similar, although chronic cases showed a greater tendency to catastrophize. Self-report measures of ambient facial pain, as well as the pain of clinical examination and cold pressor stimulation, revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups. In contrast, rates of pain facial expression were significantly higher for chronic cases under all conditions of the experiment, including baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of temporomandibular disorder pain duration on facial expressions and verbal report of pain. 149 56


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