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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of cognitive disorder, depression, and anxiety is about 2-fold higher in diabetic patients than in the general population. This higher prevalence is also observed in Japanese patients with diabetes. It has been reported that streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rodents demonstrate cognitive impairment, depressive-like behavior, and anxiety-like behavior. In addition, plasma corticosterone levels are significantly increased in STZ-induced diabetic rodents. Therefore, STZ-induced diabetic rodents demonstrate similar features as in patients with depression. In this review, we summarized the effect of STZ-induced diabetes on the function of the central nervous system in rodents and the similarity to the clinical features of several psychiatric disorders such as depression.
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PMID:[Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the function of the central nervous system in rodents]. 1672 65

Cognitive and affective dysfunctions are frequent but often neglected symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We developed the screening tool Parkinson neuropsychometric dementia assessment (PANDA) with five cognitive tasks and a short depression questionnaire. Healthy subjects and patients without cognitive impairment (PD), mild cognitive disorder (PD-MCD), or dementia (PDD) were examined. The cognition part had a specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 90% for PDD and 77% for PDD plus PD-MCD patients. The mood questionnaire also had high sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that the PANDA is an economical, easy-to-use and sensitive tool to detect neuropsychological dysfunctions in PD patients in clinical practice.
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PMID:Screening for cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease with the Parkinson neuropsychometric dementia assessment (PANDA) instrument. 1770 78

Although the cognitive disorder of multiple sclerosis (MS) is well characterized, little is known about personality changes that may occur in this disease. There are reliable personality tests available for research in neurological disease, based on the well-known Five Factor Model. Preliminary research suggests that cognitively impaired MS patients exhibit elevation in Neuroticism, and diminution in Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, as do patients with Alzheimer's disease. We predicted that these characteristics would be associated with lower neocortical volume. We studied 44 patients using brain MRI and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Regression models controlling for T2 lesion volume, depression, and cognitive dysfunction revealed significant correlation between cortical atrophy and reduction in Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Discrepancies between patient- and informant-reports were found, and overreporting of high Openness and Conscientiousness among patients was associated with lower neocortical volume. A final regression model accounting for depression, cognitive function, and personality accounted for 38% of the variance in neocortical volume. These findings suggest that cortical atrophy in MS is associated with adverse impact on personality, although longitudinal research is needed to test this hypothesis.
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PMID:Cortical atrophy and personality in multiple sclerosis. 1859 Mar 55

Dementia and depression are common disorders in old age. Dementia typically manifests itself as a neurodegenerative disease that affects cognitive functions such as memory, orientation and speech. Dementia is common in old age and its frequency increases from 1% in 65 year olds up to 50% beyond 90 years. Depression usually appears as an episodic disease which extends in length from a few weeks up to many years. The core symptoms of depression include depressed mood, loss of interests and pleasure and loss of will to live. Cognitive disorders may accompany depression and are considered separate from dementia, and were thus named "pseudo-dementia", presuming that these cognitive disorders will disappear as the depressed mood will remit. Lately it has been documented that depression may precede dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease. Although correlation never proves causation we discuss three possibilities, not mutually exclusive: 1) Certain brain changes may manifest first as depression and later as dementia. 2) Depression and dementia have partially overlapping biological causes. 3) Certain biological changes associated with depression may lead to dementia. Dementia and depression show many common biologic features such as white matter changes in the brain, reduction of hippocampus volume, changes in the serotonergic and noradrenalinergic systems and abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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PMID:[Depression precedes development of dementia]. 1868 17

Disentangling depression from dementia remains one of the most difficult clinical challenges for psychiatrists caring for older adults. The relationship between geriatric depression and dementia is complex for several reasons. First, cognitive impairment is often a prominent feature of depression in the elderly. Cognition may improve with successful treatment of depression but it may not normalize. Indeed, marked memory impairment in older depressed individuals may indicate a prodromal state of dementia. This review will examine issues related to depression and cognitive disorder in the elderly. The author will provide an evidence-based approach to separate mood disorder from cognitive disorder among older adults.
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PMID:Separating mood disturbance from mild cognitive impairment in geriatric depression. 1892 86

Depressed patients draw small figures in the left upper corner of sheet in House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Test. This type of drawing rarely was drawn by patients without melancholic complains. In the Crisis Intervention Department at the Budapest Social Center (Hungary), 5 homeless male patients between 42-67 years of ages were found with depressive type of drawing in the H-T-P Test, but without melancholy. One had alcoholic encephalopathy with mild cognitive disorder, four had alcoholic or vascular types of dementia. Three had severe apathy. One was euphoric, undiscriminating with logorhea, but reported depression without sadness in Beck Depression Inventory. One had retarded thinking. Psycho-organic signs were well demonstrated in demented patients' drawings. Four patients represented human figures without hands, which symbolized helplessness. Apathy frequently was reported to be the only syndrome in psycho-organic, chronic fatigue, burn out syndromes, or even in exhaustive depression and sickness-behaviour, but it could not be classified in ICD-10 or DSM-IV-TR. Apathy, like depression, responded to antidepressive treatments, therefore, this similarity of syndromes could be responsible for our lethargic patients' depressive type of drawings. Furthermore, clinically abortive depressions perhaps could be demonstrated only by nonverbal drawing test. Psycho-organic and depressive signs of drawings were reported to be independent of each other, therefore, dementia could not cause our patients' depressive type of drawings. So, H-T-P Drawing Test was a useful nonverbal method of psycho-organic patients' investigation, which demonstrated depression in patients without verbally manifest melancholic illness.
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PMID:[Depressive type of drawing test without melancholy]. 1895 20

The aim of this study is to investigate the changes of the pupil's light reflex (PLR) and mobility in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with and without cognitive disorder. Twenty two (22) patients (ten males, twelve females, mean age: 72.7+/-7.3 years) with identified PD entered the study. The patients were examined with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Wechsler II Memory Scale (WMS II) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D17). Eleven (11) patients (five males, six females, mean age: 72.09+/-7.06 years) were free of any cognitive deficits and eleven (11) patients (five males, six females, mean age: 73.36+/-7.55 years) had cognitive disorder according to the aforementioned scales. None of the patients satisfied the DSM-IV-TR criteria for depression or anxiety disorder. The patients underwent a pupillometric study in both eyes with single flash stimuli of 24.6 candelas/m(2) intensity and 20 ms duration. The pupillometric parameters that were studied were: Latency for the onset of Constriction (T1), Baseline Pupil Radius (R1), Minimum Pupil Radius after the pupil reaction to light (R2), Amplitude (AMP, R1-R2), Time for maximum Miosis (T2), Maximum Constriction Velocity (VCmax) and Maximum Constriction Acceleration (ACmax). The pupillometric findings of each group were compared to those of an age and sex matched group of eleven healthy subjects. Furthermore, a comparison between the findings of the two groups was conducted. ACmax and VCmax were significantly lower in patients without (PD) and with coexisting cognitive impairment (PDC) compared to normal subjects (NC) (p<0.001). Patients with cognitive impairment (PDC) had significantly lower levels of ACmax, VCmax and AMP than patients without cognitive deficits (PD). Cognitive impairment in PD, which mainly reflects a central cholinergic deficit, may be a crucial pathogenetic factor for the decrease in the aforementioned pupillometric parameters. VCmax and ACmax can be considered as the most sensitive indicators of this central cholinergic deficiency.
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PMID:Pupillometric findings in patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive disorder. 1904 1

To explore the relationship between depression and cognitive impairment in non-demented PD patients, we evaluated neurological and neuropsychological asset in 65 patients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (dPD) according to DSM-IV criteria and 60 patients without depression (nPD). Compared with nPD patients, dPD patients had significantly higher scores on behavioral rating scales and performed worse on the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Semantic Fluency Task, Copying Task (CT), and Stroop Test. Three dPD subgroups were identified based on the first two DSM-IV criteria: patients fulfilling criterion 1 (depressed mood; group 1); patients fulfilling criterion 2 (apathy/anhedonia; group 2); patients fulfilling criteria 1 and 2 (group 3). Patients of group 2 scored significantly lower than patients of group 1 on the CT, FAB and phonological fluency task. Patients of groups 2 and 3 scored significantly lower than nPD patients on visuoconstructional and frontal tasks. Similar results were obtained in dPD patients stratified in four subgroups based on cut-off scores of the Apathy Evaluation Scale and the Snaith Hamilton Pleasure Scale. In summary, PD patients with concomitant apathy and anhedonia may show more severe cognitive impairments. Since such patients are diagnosed to be affected by depression according to clinical DSM-IV criteria, we suggest that DSM-IV criteria may not distinguish an affective from a cognitive disorder in PD.
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PMID:Relationship between depression and cognitive dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease without dementia. 1937 Mar 1

Cognitive disorders like dementia, delirium, depression, anxiety, psychosis and mania are the commonest neuropsychiatric manifestations. We discuss here a case of an adult women presenting with neuropsychiatric manifestations of confusional psychosis owing to Cryptococcosis. The principal cause was consequently established by culturing Cryptococcus neoformans from the cerebrospinal fluid confirmed as C. neoformans var. grubii (Serotype A) by genotypic methods. Antifungal therapy with IV Amphotericin B lead to sustained improvement and recovery of the patient from behavioural disorders. The case discussed here invokes the need for the vigilance it demands in delineating organic brain syndromes for a favourable treatment outcome.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric manifestation of confusional psychosis due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in an apparently immunocompetent host: a case report. 2006 21

We studied the factors influencing the choice of admission to Geriatrics units, instead of other acute hospital units after an emergency visit. We report the results from a cohort of 1283 randomly selected patients aged >75 years hospitalized in emergency and representative of the French University hospital system. All patients underwent geriatric assessment. Baseline characteristics of patients admitted to Geriatrics and other units were compared. A center effect influencing the use of Geriatrics units during emergencies was also investigated. Admission to a Geriatrics unit during the acute care episode occurred in 499 cases (40.3%). By multivariate analysis, 4 factors were related to admission to a Geriatrics unit: cognitive disorder: odds ratio (OR)=1.79 (1.38-2.32) (95% confidence interval=95% CI); "failure to thrive" syndrome OR=1.54 (1.01-2.35), depression: OR=1.42 (1.12-1.83) or loss of Activities of Daily Living (ADL): OR=1.35 (1.04-1.75). The emergency volume of the hospital was inversely related to the use of Geriatrics units, with high variation that could be explained by other unstudied factors. In the French University Emergency Healthcare system, the "geriatrics patient" is defined by the existence of cognitive disorder, psychological symptoms or installed loss of autonomy. Nevertheless, considerable nation-wide variation was observed underlining the need to clarify and reinforce this discipline in the emergency healthcare system.
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PMID:The geriatric patient: use of acute geriatrics units in the emergency care of elderly patients in France. 2020


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