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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions among roxarsone, copper, and coccidiosis were studied in growing crossbred chicks. Corn-soy or corn-soy-corn gluten meal diets were fed in all assays. In the absence of supplemental copper, 50 mg/kg roxarsone did not affect gain. However, in the presence of 250 mg/kg supplemental copper, there was a depression in gain due to feeding 50 mg/kg roxarsone. In contrast, at a toxic level of copper (1000 mg/kg), a growth response resulted from feeding roxarsone. In all instances, roxarsone markedly decreased liver copper concentration in birds fed high levels of copper. Multiple crop intubations of Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria tenella depressed performance and exacerbated copper toxicity symptoms. Copper supplementation as well as coccidial infection resulted in depressed plasma pigmentation.
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PMID:Feed additive interactions in the chicken: reduction of tissue copper deposition by dietary roxarsone in healthy and in Eimeria acervulina-infected or Eimeria tenella-infected chicks. 647 53

Several experiments were performed with young chicks to evaluate lead (Pb) toxicity and its effect upon copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) toxicosis in the presence or absence of Eimeria acervulina infection. Toxic levels of Pb (3300 mg/kg) and Cu (500 mg/kg) or Zn (2000 and 4000 mg/kg) were added to completely adequate corn-soybean meal diets, while duodenal coccidiosis was produced by multiple crop inoculations of 4 X 10(5) sporulated E. acervulina oocysts. Both Pb and Cu depressed gain and feed efficiency while concomitant coccidial infection reduced these parameters further. Moreover, E. acervulina increased the concentration of liver Cu and kidney Pb. Although Pb supplementation slightly decreased the accumulation of liver Cu, additional Cu tended to increase the deposition of Pb in the kidney in both infected and uninfected birds. Similarly, chick performance was significantly reduced by excess dietary Pb or Zn, although coccidiosis slightly ameliorated the growth depression caused by toxic levels (4000 mg/kg) of Zn. Although 4000 ppm Zn and coccidial infection reduced the deposition of Pb in the kidney, this interaction was not evident when 2000 mg/kg Zn was fed to infected chicks. It is evident that Pb toxicosis in the chick is affected little by excess dietary levels of either Cu or Zn.
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PMID:Lead toxicity in the chick as affected by excess copper and zinc and by Eimeria acervulina infection. 648 23

In a series of experiments designed to assess the chick's sulfur amino acid (SAA) requirement during acute coccidiosis, a striking and unexpected infection X SAA interaction was discovered. When chicks were fed diets severely deficient in SAA, Eimeria acervulina infection produced a marked growth response, while birds consuming SAA-adequate diets exhibited the expected severe growth depression when given the same dose of E. acervulina oocysts. Although the interaction was originally demonstrated in birds fed crystalline amino acid diets, it was subsequently demonstrated with intact protein diets as well. The interaction was also shown not to be unique to the SAA. Thus, lysine and E. acervulina interacted in the same manner. In fact, when birds were fed diets severely deficient in lysine, E. acervulina infection brought about a doubling of both rate and efficiency of weight gain. It was also established that the growth response to infection resulted from E. acervulina per se and not from any other component of the infective inoculum.
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PMID:Interaction between dietary protein/amino acid level and parasitic infection: morbidity in amino acid deficient or adequate chicks inoculated with Eimeria acervulina. 678 11

An experiment was conducted with young, male, crossbred chicks to investigate the interaction between dietary cobalt, methionine and experimental Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis). Coccidiosis and dietary cobalt (250 mg/kg) depressed weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization; cobalt toxicity, however, was exacerbated by the coccidial infection, resulting in a depression in performance greater than could be accounted for by the independent additive effect of each entity. Dietary cobalt increased the cobalt concentration of the liver, kidney and gallbladder (with bile); experimental coccidiosis in the absence of excess dietary methionine resulted in a twofold increase in cobalt deposition in the liver and gallbladder. Excess supplemental methionine partially alleviated the decrease in chick performance and the increase in tissue cobalt content caused by dietary cobalt in both healthy and infected chicks, but with a slightly greater efficacy in the coccidiosis-infected chicks.
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PMID:Eimeria acervulina infection in chicks fed cobalt in the presence or absence of excess dietary methionine. 708 48

A series of experiments was conducted with crossbred chicks to determine the effects of L-cysteine, copper, and coccidiosis on roxarsone toxicity. Levels of roxarsone in excess of 50 mg/kg depressed performance and increased kidney arsenic concentration. L-cysteine x HCl x H2O (59%) increased rate and efficiency of gain when added to the basal diet, but depressed performance, increased kidney arsenic concentration, and enhanced mortality when added to diets containing toxic levels of roxarsone (200 mg/kg or higher). Moreover, excess copper (500 mg/kg) partially alleviated the gain/feed depression due to the combination of cysteine and roxarsone. Cysteine, in fact, increased feed efficiency in birds fed excess copper in the absence of roxarsone. Eimeria acervulina infection (duodenal coccidiosis) depressed gain and feed efficiency. The depression in feed efficiency was more severe in the presence of roxarsone (50 or 300 mg/kg). In the absence of coccidiosis, 50 mg/kg roxarsone slightly increased gain/feed ratio.
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PMID:Roxarsone toxicity in the chick as influenced by dietary cysteine and copper and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. 708 2

Three experiments were conducted with 9-d-old crossbred chicks to determine the effect of supplemental L-cysteine.HCl.H2O on tolerance to excess dietary Cd. Cd levels of 30 or 60 mg/kg added to a fully fortified corn-soybean meal diet depressed both body weight gain and gain:feed ratio and increased kidney Cd concentration. Supplemental cysteine (i.e., .59% L-cysteine.HCl.H2O) did not alleviate the depression of weight gain or gain:feed ratio due to Cd feeding but did decrease kidney Cd accumulation. Eimeria acervulina infection (i.e., duodenal coccidiosis) depressed rate and efficiency of weight gain and resulted in increased Cd concentrations in kidney tissue. Cystein supplementation increased kidney cadmium concentration even further in E. acervulina-infected birds.
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PMID:Tolerance of the chick to excess dietary cadmium as influenced by dietary cysteine and by experimental infection with Eimeria acervulina. 709 21

Several experiments were conducted with crossbred chicks to investigate the effect of duodenal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria acervulina infection on iron status of chicks fed iron levels ranging from deficient to excess. Coccidiosis depressed weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization at all dietary levels of iron. Excess supplemental iron (500-1500 mg/kg) did not affect performance of uninfected chicks, but 1500 mg/kg iron exacerbated the coccidiosis-induced growth depression. In the presence of coccidiosis, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg iron significantly increased liver iron concentrations over that found in uninfected chicks fed the same levels of iron. Dietary iron increased intestinal iron content, but the increase was partially ameliorated by the coccidial infection. Plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) were decreased by acute coccidiosis (6 days postinoculation); however, by day 14 the coccidial infection was without effect on plasma iron, while TIBC tended to be elevated. Coccidiosis increased the chick's dietary iron requirement, but only because of decreased feed intake. Performance and hematological parameters were maximized approximately 0.9 mg iron per day in both control and infected chicks.
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PMID:Iron status of the chick as affected by Eimeria acervulina infection and by variable iron ingestion. 714 16

Forty-eight little penguins (Eudyptula minor) consisting of 21 (43.7%) mature, 18 (37.5%) juvenile and nine (18.7%) of undetermined age, from 10 Victorian coastal localities were examined during 1977-78. Thirty-seven (77%) of all penguins were in poor body condition with moderate to heavy burdens of internal and external parasites. Acute parasitic gastric ulceration with accompanying hemorrhage, was implicated in the death of four birds. Chronic gastric ulcers were thought to have caused appetite depression and starvation in 28 birds. Other significant lesions encountered included renal coccidiosis, parasitic cholangiohepatitis and pulmonary aspergillosis. It is suggested that the increased mortality experienced during 1977-78 was due to starvation or to exacerbation of the effects of existing parasite burdens on starving and exhausted birds.
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PMID:Mortality in little penguins (Eudyptula minor) along the coast of Victoria, Australia. 743 25

The efficacy of semduramicin (AVIAX), a novel polyether ionophore, was profiled in a series of 57 battery tests conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. The studies employed mixed and monospecific infections of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria mivati/Eimeria mitis, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria tenella derived from North American and European field isolates. Ten-day-old broiler cockerels in pens of 8 to 10 birds were continuously medicated in feed beginning 24 h before challenge in tests of 6 to 8 days' duration. At the use level of 25 ppm, semduramicin effectively controlled mortality, lesions, and weight gain depression that occurred in unmedicated, infected controls for all species. In comparison with 60 ppm salinomycin, semduramicin significantly (P < .05) improved weight gain against E. brunetti and E. tenella, lesion control against E. brunetti and E. maxima, and the control of coccidiosis mortality against E. tenella. Salinomycin was superior (P < .05) to all treatments in maintenance of weight gain and control of lesions for E. acervulina. Maduramicin at 5 ppm was inferior (P < .05) to semduramicin in control of E. acervulina and E. maxima lesions, but was superior (P < .05) to all treatments in maintenance of weight gain and control of lesions in E. tenella infections. The data indicate that semduramicin at 25 ppm is well tolerated in broilers and possesses broad spectrum anticoccidial activity.
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PMID:Anticoccidial efficacy of semduramicin. 2. Evaluation against field isolates including comparisons with salinomycin, maduramicin, and monensin in battery tests. 826 95

The apparent digestibilities (AD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude ash (CA), crude fiber (CFi), crude fat (CFa) crude protein (CP) and nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) and the nitrogen balance were investigated during experimental Eimeria bovis coccidiosis in calves. noninfected pair-fed controls and controls fed on a normal plan of nutrition were included in the study to allow differentiation between the effects of infection and of changes in feed intake. Primary infection with 5 x 10(4) oocysts (n = 4, group A) caused mild diarrhea and calves infected primarily with 1 X 10(5) oocysts (n = 5, group B) suffered from mild (three calves) to severe hemorrhagic (two calves) diarrhea. No clinical disease was seen after reinfection of the group A calves with 1 X 10(5) oocysts. The primary infection with 5 X 10(4) oocysts or reinfection with twice the primary inoculum did not affect AD of nutrients or the overall nitrogen balance (RT). AD of DM, NFE or OM were higher in group B during patency and in the pair-fed group C calves (n = 5) than in the reinfected but healthy group A calves. AD of CFi of the group B calves even exceeded the values of the pair-fed controls. The two calves of group B that suffered from hemorrhagic diarrhea and anorexia had low values of AD of CP during the acute phase of the disease and the plasma nitrogen levels were reduced in this group. Severe clinical coccidiosis transiently reduced the nitrogen balance. It is concluded that the transient increase of AD of nutrients, especially of CFi, during clinical coccidiosis reflect hypomotility and that anorexia and intestinal leakage impair the nitrogen balance and cause weight depression.
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PMID:Apparent digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance during experimental infection of calves with Eimeria bovis. 974 79


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