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Medication of broilers with arprinocid [9-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenylmethyl)-9H-purine-6-amine] gave protection against the effects of coccidiosis in both battery and floor-pen trials. In battery trials, efficacy was tested on single-species inoculations of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. Brunetti, and E. tenella. Two strains of each species recently recovered from the field, were tested separately. In floor-pen trials, all six species, both field and laboratory strains, were used as a mixed infection. In batteries, 60 and 70 ppm essentially eliminated coccidiosis-induced mortality and weight depression. Effects of 50 ppm on weight gain were variable. The effectiveness of different medication levels varied between strains within a species. In floor-pen trials, 40, 60, or 80 ppm was effective in controlling mortality and weight depression, and increasing feel-conversion ratios. All levels were significantly as effective as monensin in protecting against coccidiosis. With severe exposure to coccidia, 60 and 80 ppm gave significantly lower lesion socres than did 40 ppm of arprinocid or 120 ppm monensin.
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PMID:Efficacy of arprinocid against coccidiosis of broilers in battery and floor-pen trials. 64 62

Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively. Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia.
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PMID:Effect of dietary methionine status on response of chicks to coccidial infection. 93 21

Two experiments were performed to study the effect of dietary antibiotics on percent daily weight change, mortality and gross cecal pathology in chickens during the critical phase of Eimeria tenella infection. In the first experiment, chickens were continuously fed ration containing thiopeptin, 2 mg/kg.; bacitracin, 20 mg./kg.; penicillin, 12 mg./kg.; or chlortetracycline, 22 mg./kg. One day after antibiotic fed was given, each bird received an oral inoculation of 30,000 sporulated oocyts. In the second experiment, chickens were consecutively fed ration containing amprolium plus ethopabate, 125 plus 8 mg./kg., and a combination of the coccidiostat and one of 4 antibiotics; thiopeptin, bacitracin, penicillin, or chloretracycline. One day after medicated feed was given, birds were each given an oral inoculation of 30,000 amprolium plus ethopabate-resistant E. tenella oocysts. The experiments were terminated 7 days after coccidia exposure. In both experiments, E. tenella infection resulted in depression in all birds of infected groups. Average percent weight change of infected birds was significantly lower than that of uninfected unmedicated control between 4 and 5 days after infection. Significantly greater number of birds died of cecal coccidiosis in group fed dietary bacitracin than that of other infected groups. Dietary antibiotics did not reduce gross cecal lesions.
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PMID:Effect of dietary antibiotics on chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. 93 23

Young broiler chicks inoculated with Eimeria tenella and given a diet containing 2.5 mug aflatoxin/g had significantly higher mortality than birds with aflatoxicosis or coccidiosis alone or uninoculated controls. This effect was seen even when a light coccidial infection alone did not increase mortality or cause weight depression. In addition this higher mortality with the combination began earleir and occurred at a higher rate than did mortality from aflatoxin or cecal coccidiosis alone. Dietary monensin sodium (99 umg/g) did not completely prevent mortality and weight depression when aflatoxin and E. tenella were in combination. Aflatoxin and E. tenella singly significantly depressed three-week body weights; however, the depression was most severe when the two were in combination. Both dietary aflatoxin and E. tenella significantly reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation, and in combination resulted in more severely reduced hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and plasma pigmentation. Coccidial lesion scores were significantly less for the combination of E. tenella and aflatoxicosis than for coccidiosis alone. This atypical response of the ceca to E. tenella in the presence of dietary aflatoxin was characterized by less distended ceca, very little coagulated blood in the ceca, and apparently more profuse cecal hemorrhage.
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PMID:Interaction of aflatoxin with Eimeria tenella infection and monensin in young broiler chickens. 120 Sep 47

Rofenaid (a 5:3 mixture of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim) was effective in preventing coccidiosis of chukar partridges. Levels of .0100 or .0125% sulfadimethoxine, with the corresponding level of ormetoprim in the ration, gave the best results. These levels markedly reduced mortality in severe infections (over 75% mortality in unmedicated chukars) and eliminated mortality in medicated groups when infections produced 52% mortality or less in unmedicated controls. In the latter infections, Rofenaid also protected against the depression in weight gain seen 6 days postinoculation in unmedicated chukars. Studies in uninoculated chukars showed that Rofenaid has a wide safety margin and did not produce adverse effects even at levels of .0300% sulfadimethoxine. Rofenaid should, therefore, be an effective medication for the prevention of coccidiosis in chukars in the field. Data from the present studies are being submitted to the IR-4 Program of the Food and Drug Administration for consideration of approval for the use of Rofenaid in chukar partridges.
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PMID:Prevention of coccidiosis in the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) by medication with sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim (Rofenaid). 226 42

Lasalocid and monensin are widely used to control coccidiosis in broilers, but not in turkey poults. Four feeding trials were conducted to determine the performance of turkey poults when these compounds were used singly or in combination with 100 ppm of furazolidone. Bodyweights and feed consumption were significantly depressed for five weeks after hatching by 150 ppm of lasalocid. Combining furazolidone with lasalocid ameliorated the toxic effect of lasalocid. Bodyweights were significantly depressed by 150 ppm of monensin in the fifth week after hatching, but there was no significant depression in feed consumption. Furazolidone exacerbated any toxic effects of monensin. Data indicate that monensin may be used safely at dosages greater than the recommended level of 60 to 99 ppm, but should not be used in combination with furazolidone.
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PMID:Effect of including lasalocid or monensin singly or in combination with furazolidone on the growth and feed consumption of turkey poults. 226 13

Because monensin and salinomycin are widely used to control coccidiosis, two experiments were conducted to compare the performance of broiler chicks when these compounds were added to the diet. Five levels of each coccidiostat were fed. Increasing the levels of coccidiostat resulted in a decrease in body weight and feed intake. Monensin gave a greater depression at the level suggested by the manufacturer for prevention of coccidiosis (121 ppm) than did salinomycin (66 ppm). The interaction of experiment x treatment was significant and was a result of the greater performance depression at the lower levels (manufacturers' recommended levels) of coccidiostat administered in the first experiment than in the second. This research points out the necessity of the accurate use of the coccidiostats.
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PMID:Influence of monensin and salinomycin on the performance of broiler chicks. 270 76

Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina were administered orally to cage-housed broilers at a dose of 3.5 X 10(5) resulted in mild subclinical coccidiosis. Clostridium perfringens incorporated in feed at a level of 2.5 X 10(8) organisms/g. produced lesions characteristic of necrotic enteritis. Mortality of 8% (7/80) occurred in birds fed a ration inoculated with Cl. perfringens alone. Mortality of 35% (28/80) was observed in birds which received an oral dose of E. acervulina and which were fed simultaneously with a ration containing Cl. perfringens. Birds which were fed an inoculated ration two days after an oral dose of E. acervulina showed 41% (33/80) mortality. Birds which received an inoculated ration for two days before administration of an oral dose of E. acervulina demonstrated 18% mortality (15/80). Birds which were fed an inoculated ration four days after an oral dose of E. acervulina showed 10% mortality. Infection with E. acervulina reduced the pH of intestinal contents with a simultaneous depression in serum protein. A 39% increase in intestinal passage time from 178 to 248 minutes occurred on the fifth day after infection with E. acervulina. These experiments suggest that necrotic enteritis, attributed to proliferation of a toxigenic strain of Cl. perfringens, followed intestinal stasis and minimal lesions induced by mild intestinal coccidiosis.
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PMID:Etiology and pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis. 286 8

These experiments investigated the interaction among two species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina and E. mitis) and three strains of reovirus (virus 2035, a weak to moderate pathogen; and viruses 2408 and 1733, severe pathogens). When reoviruses were not present, high inoculation dosages (10(6) sporulated oocysts/bird) of both E. acervulina and E. mitis depressed weight gain, plasma pigment, and plasma protein. Low doses of coccidia (10(4) oocysts) in the absence of virus had no such effect on weight gain. When high doses of coccidia were present at the same time as virus 2035 or 2408, they resulted in a significantly greater depression of weight gain than when either virus or coccidia were present alone. With virus 2035, this greater depression was seen even when low doses of coccidia were used. Lesion scores due to coccidiosis and the number of oocysts produced were not affected by previous exposure to reovirus. Both coccidiosis and reovirus infections increased the frequency of some leg problems and other abnormal conditions. The most obvious interaction between coccidia and reovirus was the marked increase in swollen hocks seen when coccidia and virus 2035 were present together (20-27%) compared with either the virus or coccidia alone (0-10%). Virus 2408 interfered slightly with the development of immunity to coccidia. There was some indication that early coccidiosis could increase the ability of some virus isolates to infect various tissues of the host.
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PMID:Concurrent infections with reoviruses and coccidia in broilers. 299 39

The efficacy of amprolium, monensin, and salinomycin in preventing coccidiosis in bobwhite quail was studied using a mixed inoculum of equal numbers of Eimeria dispersa and E. lettyae. A total dosage per quail of 10(6) sporulated oocysts was chosen because this dosage gave a good (77%) depression of weight gain from Day 18 to Day 24. Levels of .008% monensin or .0055% salinomycin were the most effective for prevention of coccidiosis as evaluated by body weight gains. These levels significantly reduced parasite numbers in the duodenum with monensin administration and in both the duodenum and ileum with salinomycin administration. Monensin reduced parasite numbers in the illeum significantly in one experiment and in a second. Amprolium was ineffective for prevention of coccidiosis, as evaluated by body weight gains. Amprolium was also ineffective in consistently reducing parasite numbers in the duodenum and ileum. Both monensin and salinomycin had a reasonable safety margin in quail. Levels of monensin of .016%, twice the proposed level, significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls or quail given .008% monensin. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant. Levels of salinomycin at the proposed level of .0055% significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant in quail given .0055% or .00825% salinomycin, although in quail fed .011% salinomycin body weights remained significantly lower (16.5%) at that date. There were no detectable monensin residues in the liver of quail fed a ration containing .008% monensin for 8 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Prevention of coccidiosis in bobwhites by medication. 368 68


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