Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The behaviour of LCAT was examined in acute viral hepatitis and post-hepatic cirrhosis. In the former case, the enzyme was also investigated during remissions. The influence of cholestasis on LCAT activity was evaluated. Depression was noted in cirrhosis and the acute stage of hepatitis, whereas enhanced values were observed during remissions. Depression of the enzyme by cholestasis is explained in a variety of ways.
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PMID:[The behavior of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in acute viral hepatitis and post-hepatitis cirrhosis]. 44 Jun 18

A brief survey of the literature on the side effects of oral contraceptives is given. Of the many influences on laboratory results those related to (reversible) cholestasis or to a change in protein synthesis are the most important ones. A decrease of the tolerance for glucose is sometimes observed. Few of the clinical side effects attributed to oral contraceptives can be directly correlated with the pharmaceutical action of these drugs. Many so-called side effects of the pill are due to other factors such as altered psychosociological or sexual behavior, etc. However, among users of oral contraceptives there is a significant decrease in the number of benign tumors, particularly of the breast, the uterus and the ovaries. It is still an open question if this also signifies protection against cancer. Anemias due to iron deficiency are less frequent among users of the pill. According to recent studies arterial hypertension and cholecystopathies are probably directly related to oral contraceptives, but a causal relation has not been proven for migraine, headaches, depression etc. An elevated risk for vascular complications seems to be well established: there is a 4-6-fold increase of the estimated risk for venous thrombo-embolism and a 4-9-fold increase for cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives when compared with nonpregnant women of the same age not using the pill. Oral contraceptives act as a supplementary factor of risk which may cumulate with other similar factors, such as arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight, smoking etc. Mortality due to oral contraceptives is very much 10-50 x) inferior to the one caused by delivery and the post partum state. Since the number of failures in prevention of pregnancies is less for oral contraceptives than for any other method of contraception, the overall risk of death under oral contraceptives in this age group of women is least.
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PMID:[Real and seeming side-effects of oral contraceptives with an emphasis on medical and haematological problems. Review of literature (author's transl)]. 79 Mar 74

We studied hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and pulmonary gas exchange in unanesthetized rats with biliary cirrhosis induced by chronic bile duct ligation (BDL) (5 to 6 wk) and compared pulmonary vascular reactivity in perfused lungs isolated from BDL and control rats. Awake, catheter-implanted, cirrhotic rats exhibited increased cardiac output, normal systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, and decreased total systemic (TSR) and pulmonary (TPR) vascular resistances in comparison with those in sham-operated control rats. HPV was markedly depressed in cirrhotic rats (percent increase in TPR while breathing 8% O2: 42.3 +/- 13.7% in control and 0.9 +/- 3.6% in cirrhotic rats, p less than 0.05), and this was associated with an increased AaPO2 (control rats, 15.7 +/- 1.1 mm Hg; cirrhotic rats, 23.1 +/- 1.9 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). In contrast, the pulmonary pressor response to angiotensin II was intact, and the depression of HPV in cirrhotic rats was ameliorated after angiotensin II infusion. These changes in cirrhotic rats were not due to the accompanying cholestasis since noncirrhotic rats with severe cholestasis had intact HPV and normal AaPO2. Lungs isolated from cirrhotic rats and perfused with blood from normal rats exhibited two patterns of response to hypoxia. In one group, HPV was blunted compared with that in control rats (change in pulmonary arterial perfusion pressure after 3% O2: control rats, 23.2 +/- 2.8 mm Hg; cirrhotic rats, 4.8 +/- 1.4 mm Hg; p less than 0.01). Similar to the result in intact rat, angiotensin-II-induced vasoconstriction was preserved in lungs from cirrhotic rats, and HPV increased significantly after angiotensin II infusion (to 17.3 +/- 4.8 mm Hg). In the second group, baseline pulmonary arterial pressure progressively increased during normoxia, and this increase was attenuated by hypoxic ventilation (hypoxic vasodilation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pulmonary circulatory dysfunction in rats with biliary cirrhosis. An animal model of the hepatopulmonary syndrome. 155 5

High frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) was attempted in ten infants with severe respiratory failure not responding to conventional ventilation (CV); it was, therefore, used as a rescue measure. HFOV was successful in improving the respiratory status of seven infants, all with hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Five of these infants survived, of the remaining two, one died of massive peri/intra-ventricular haemorrhage and the other of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition. It was unsuccessful in three infants, one with meconium aspiration, the second died within two hours commencing HFOV and the third with severe depression and hypotonia.
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PMID:High frequency oscillatory ventilation in neonates with respiratory distress. 188 79

Obstructive jaundice causes depression of immune system function but it is unclear at present how rapidly immune function recovers after relief of biliary obstruction. To address this issue, we studied 218 Sprague-Dawley rats with common bile duct obstruction. Mononuclear phagocyte function, cell mediated immune function, portal-systemic shunt fraction, liver function tests, and liver histology were evaluated in normal (sham) rats, obstructed rats, and at weekly intervals after relief of biliary obstruction. Hepatic uptake of radiolabelled bacteria was 82 per cent in sham rats and 66 per cent in rats 21 days after CBD obstruction (P less than 0.05). Phagocytic activity returned to normal within 7 days after choledochoduodenostomy. Cell mediated immunity, measured by skin graft rejection, was significantly prolonged in the obstructed group (P less than 0.05) but had returned to normal 7 days after biliary diversion. Return of hepatocellular function, as measured by liver function tests, paralleled recovery of immune function. This study demonstrates prompt recovery of the immune system after internal biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice. This finding is in contrast to previous studies that demonstrated persistent immune suppression months after biliary diversion. These data may have implications concerning the usefulness of internal biliary drainage before surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice.
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PMID:Effects of relief of biliary obstruction on mononuclear phagocyte system function and cell mediated immunity. 181 Feb 99

Part II: The side-effects of Sandimmune that have also been observed clinically include hepatic dysfunction, glucose intolerance, thrombo-embolic complications and nervous system disorders. To determine the cause and significance of such effects, the actions of Sandimmune on the liver, the pancreas, on hematostasis and the nervous system were examined. Comparisons were made between animal and human data obtained in vivo and in vitro, and the clinical setting under which the side-effects occur was analyzed. The actions of Sandimmune on the liver seem to reflect mostly a cholestasis with a small depression in protein synthesis and a mild disturbance in lipid metabolism of uncertain origin. The action of Sandimmune on the pancreas suggests insulin resistance and possibly a secretory disturbance, with no evidence for depressed insulin synthesis, except in animals at high doses. Sandimmune does not seem to promote thromboembolism in man, although fibrinolysis may be depressed and platelet aggregation can be enhanced. The effects of Sandimmune on the nervous system are unclear, for tremor is common but of uncertain origin, whereas seizures and encephalopathy are rare and invariably associated with other risk factors.
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PMID:The pathophysiology of Sandimmune (cyclosporine) in man and animals. 208 72

The prostaglandin system is impaired in cholestasis; bile salts, which are a specific biochemical feature of this condition, have been shown to affect functional properties of cells and tissues, and, in some cases, their action is mediated through an alteration of prostaglandin pathway. Endothelium is a privileged site for the production and the action of arachidonate metabolites-prostacyclin in particular. To determine the effects of bile salts on the properties of vascular endothelium, cultured human endothelial cells were studied. Cholic acid sodium salt was seen to induce a direct injury on endothelial cells, as was demonstrated by a massive dismission of the intracellular radiolabel chromium 51. In the absence of detectable toxic effect, sodium taurocholate caused a significant depression of prostacyclin constitutive production from human endothelial cells. The action of sodium taurocholate was related to its concentration and to the time of exposure, and the alteration of prostacyclin production was found to be reversible. Conversely, the generation of thromboxane A2 was not influenced by this bile salt, which may suggest a specific action of sodium taurocholate on arachidonic acid metabolism. These findings indicate that bile salts may directly alter some functional properties of cultured human endothelial cells and may provide a basis for explaining some generalized manifestations that are observed in pathologic conditions characterized by cholemia.
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PMID:Sodium taurocholate affects prostacyclin constitutive production by cultured human vascular endothelial cells. 211 71

A clinical study was undertaken to determine the immune status of patients with obstructive jaundice. Screening of 16 patients for phagocytic and microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) revealed a significant depression (21.2 +/- 3.7% phagocytosis and 20.85 +/- 4.5% intracellular killing) of these functions, as compared to normal values (30.37 +/- 5.1% and 26.41 +/- 4.3% respectively). An animal model of cholestasis was also established, using rats, in which a significant depression of activity of PMN and peritoneal macrophages was observed. These cellular abnormalities were found to precede and predispose to infection. The rats also showed an increased susceptibility to Escherichia coli infection (mortality rate 77.78%). A defect was detected in their serum responsible for depressing the function of phagocytic cells. An attempt was made to improve this immunosuppression by treating the rats with water extract of T. cordifolia 100 mg/kg for 7 days, following development of cholestasis. The extract improved the cellular immune functions. Mortality rate following Esch. coli infection was significantly reduced to 16.67 per cent. This study showed that cholestasis results in immunosuppression and therefore indicates the need for an immunomodulator in management of obstructive jaundice. The plant T. cordifolia seems to meet this need by consolidating host defence mechanism.
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PMID:Modulation of immunosuppression in obstructive jaundice by Tinospora cordifolia. 269 92

Multiple system organ failure (MSOF) is a progressive dysfunction of vital organs that may develop in clinical settings such as sepsis or multiple trauma. One component of this syndrome is cholestasis and impaired liver function. The mechanism(s) for this liver failure (and the failure of other organs) remains obscure. Macrophages and Kupffer cells have been shown to secrete cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. These cytokines mediate many aspects of the acute phase response, and they also can produce cellular injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a semipurified murine monokine preparation having interleukin-1 activity on bile flow in the rat isolated perfused liver (IPL). The monokine preparation produced a significant reduction of bile flow in the IPL system. The effect could not be explained by a venoocclusive phenomenon or residual endotoxin in the monokine preparation. We conclude that a semipurified monokine preparation having interleukin-1 but not tumor necrosis activity produced a significant depression of bile flow in the IPL, and we suggest that macrophage secretory product(s) may be responsible for the cholestasis in MSOF.
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PMID:Monokine depression of bile flow in the isolated perfused rat liver. 277 Feb 82

This discussion has illustrated the enormous variety found within the category of familial intrahepatic cholestasis. It has also demonstrated how much more there is to learn about these fascinating disorders, which may be examples of experiments in nature on bile formation. This analysis should be recognized to be the author's own, and there is much debate about this classification. For example, some workers in this field contend that North American Indian cholestasis is in reality Byler's syndrome. Such an identity seems unlikely, given the differences between the two syndromes (Table 2). This is a field that is changing rapidly. Recently, a new cholestatic syndrome, bearing some similarities to benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, but dissimilar in several ways, has been reported. There is evidence that cholestasis of pregnancy may be inherited as an autosomal dominant, sex-limited trait. If further studies confirm a genetic etiology, this syndrome would be the most common form of familial intrahepatic cholestasis. The assessment of any individual case remains difficult, particularly early in the course. Table 2 can serve as a guide to the differential diagnosis of these conditions. When faced with a neonate with jaundice, all of the usual causes must be ruled out first. The pattern of bile acids in serum is useful for ruling out Zellweger's syndrome. A good family history and physical examination, particularly of the heart, are important. An ophthalmologic examination by a specialist, often under anesthesia, and a spine radiograph can be useful in confirming a diagnosis of Alagille's syndrome. A liver biopsy, carefully interpreted with input from the clinician, is useful in pointing toward one direction or another. Often a firm conclusion cannot be reached, or is reached prematurely, so the clinician would be advised to inform the parents of all diagnostic possibilities in order to avoid false hopes or unwarranted depression. The diagnostic pitfalls to be avoided in this evaluation are many. No histologic findings are clearly pathognomonic for one syndrome or another. Giant cell transformation and paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts may be found in several syndromes. Biliary atresia, or at least failure to demonstrate a patent biliary tree from the liver to the cystic duct, may be present in patients with Alagille's syndrome. In that syndrome, the eye findings, particularly the posterior embryotoxon, may not be appreciated except on extensive ophthalmologic testing, including gonioscopy. Butterfly vertebrae may not be visible at birth and may be no longer evident in adulthood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Familial intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes. 330 44


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