Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients who had Alzheimer's disease-senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) or multi-infarct dementia (MID) were compared with a group of controls. Demented patients had approximately the same degree of dementia and the same duration of illness. The MID group had a significantly higher mean age than the AD/SDAT group. Sixty-three per cent of the AD/SDAT patients were free of other diseases, while 65 per cent of the MID patients had cardiovascular disease. Thirty per cent of the MID patients had a history of previous depression, while only 5 per cent of the AD/SDAT patients had had depression. At the time of the investigation, however, AD/SDAT patients showed significantly more signs of depression than the MID patients. Focal neurologic signs were found in 70 per cent of the MID patients and only 6 per cent of the AD/SDAT patients. The electrocardiogram was normal for every AD/SDAT patient, while 75 per cent of the MID patients had abnormal ECGs. Electroencephalography showed generalized slow frequencies in 79 per cent of the AD/SDAT patients and localized slow frequencies and abnormalities in 65 per cent of the MID patients. Computed tomography of the brain showed that MID patients had significantly greater dilation of the ventricular system, while cortical atrophy did not differ significantly among the three groups. Homovanillic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid was significantly lower in the AD/SDAT group as compared with controls.
 ...
PMID:Dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia: a clinical description and diagnostic problems. 620 54

In a double-blind study, 49 elderly patients with primary major depression, with or without cardiovascular disease, were treated with maprotiline or doxepin. Holter monitors, 12-lead ECGs, and orthostatic blood pressure measurements were used. Maprotiline was associated with decreased PVCs in patients with a "high" baseline rate, while doxepin was associated with increased PVCs in this group. There were no significant differences in orthostatic blood pressure changes between treatment and nontreatment phases or between the two drugs. Small but significant increases in heart rate and prolonged PR interval were noted with both drugs. QRS interval was prolonged by maprotiline but decreased by doxepin. Neither drug produced untoward effects in patients with stable angina or an old myocardial infarction. Maprotiline may have an antiarrhythmic effect which could be beneficial in the treatment of depression with concomitant PVCs. Conversely, doxepin may be more appropriate for depressed patients with heart block or intracardiac conduction delays. Further research is necessary to confirm these suggestions.
 ...
PMID:Comparative cardiac effects of maprotiline and doxepin in elderly depressed patients. 620 85

Zimelidine is a new antidepressant, which is structurally unrelated to the tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants. The pharmacological profile of zimelidine is different to that of other antidepressants in that it appears to owe the major part of its activity to the inhibition of serotonin uptake within the central nervous system. It appears that the demethylated metabolite, norzimelidine, may be responsible for most of the pharmacological activity. Studies to date suggest that zimelidine has overall efficacy comparable with that of amitriptyline, desipramine, maprotiline and doxepin in depressive illness, but at dosages which have achieved a similar overall clinical improvement zimelidine does not cause sedation, and anticholinergic side effects are mild and occur infrequently. Preliminary evidence suggests that zimelidine is effective against concomitant anxiety in depressed patients, and that it may also be useful in treating phobic anxiety. Zimelidine appears less likely to cause serious cardiotoxicity, in therapeutic dosages or an overdosage, than the tricyclic antidepressants, but it has not been studied in patients with cardiovascular disease. Sleep disturbance has occurred significantly more frequently during zimelidine therapy than during therapy with other sedative antidepressants, but whether this simply reflects the absence of sedation with zimelidine, or an effect on sleep as such, is presently unclear. Zimelidine appears to be effective and well tolerated in elderly patients. Thus, some aspects of the drug's profile (e.g. apparent low incidence of anticholinergic effects or drowsiness) may offer potential advantages in some patients; however, clinical experience with zimelidine to date has been limited, and further well designed studies are required to define the role of the drug more clearly in treating depressive illness compared with other antidepressants, and particularly to define whether some types of depression may respond more readily to zimelidine than to other antidepressants.
 ...
PMID:Zimelidine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in depressive illness. 621 40

By and large the tricyclic antidepressants are safe drugs. The adverse events associated with them often have more to do with the individual patient and any preexisting medical conditions or co-administered medications than with the particular tricyclic drug used. Only rarely will it prove unwise to treat major affective disorders with a tricyclic. The vast majority of the time the benefits of drug treatment will outweigh the risks. In milder cases or in patients whose depression is a symptom rather than a syndrome, the situation is more complex. Because a drug response becomes less certain and a placebo response more likely, one must very carefully balance the risks involved against the likely benefits of specific antidepressant treatment. While there are more frequent indications for the use of an antidepressant drug in a geriatric population than in a younger group, the risk of tricyclic antidepressant treatment undoubtedly increases as patients grow older. But even in the elderly, if a patient is healthy the drug is probably safe. Only when a patient has preexisting conduction disease, far advanced cardiovascular disease, or is on multiple other drugs are the risks of tricyclic treatment high. Here in particular, a careful understanding of the underlying pharmacology of the tricyclic drugs and their adverse reactions can produce a more rational and safe basis for treatment.
 ...
PMID:Adverse effects of tricyclic antidepressants: focus on the elderly. 638 Feb 30

The physiology, mechanism of action, therapeutic use, effectiveness, potential risks, and noncontraceptive benefits of combination oral contraceptives (OCs) are reviewed with a discussion of patient considerations and management guidelines for common side effects. Modifications of the earlier combined (OCs) have both a lower estrogen and progestogen content. The contraceptive effects of estrogenic agents are related to modifications in ovulation, ovum transport, and implantation. The progestational agents act mainly by inhibiting ovulation and creating a hostile uterine environment. Biphasic and triphasic combined OCs are designed to deliver the hormones, throughout the menstrual cycle, in varying amounts that are similar to the natural physiologic quantities. Hte combined OC is the most effective method of birth control available with the exception of sterilization. If the low dose combined OCs are taken at approximately the same time each day, they are as effective as 50 mcg of estrogen in preventing pregnancy with a theoretical failure rate of less than .5/100 woman years. 3 longterm cohort studies of the risks of combined OC use are described. Although the primary focus of early research was on the adverse effects of combined OCs related to estrogen content, recent studies indicate that there are some noncontraceptive benefits associated with the use of the low dose combined OCs. In addition, the effects of progestogen content have been more closely examined in association with cardiovascular disease and metabolic effects. Guidelines for managing breadthrough bleeding and spotting, absence of withdrawal bleeding, nausea and vomiting, weight change, depression, and headaches are presented. Recommendations to be given to women who are beginning a combined OC regimen for the 1st time are outlined. Low dose combined OC given at the appropriate dose can provide relatively safe and very effective contraception for many women.
 ...
PMID:Current perspectives on combination oral contraceptives. 638 84

The epidemiologic evidence that stress contributes to cardiovascular disease is reviewed. No one characterization of stress has been associated with all manifestations of cardiovascular disease, yet specific characterizations have been associated with particular manifestations of disease. Type A behavior pattern is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is correlated with the severity and progression of atherosclerosis demonstrated angiographically. Work overload with job dissatisfaction also predisposes to CAD. Socioeconomic disadvantage in a society of urbanization and industrialization increases the risk of hypertension and CAD, while chronic states of anxiety, depression, and helplessness are associated with angina and sudden death. Traumatic life events, especially involving loss of or threat to self-esteem, may precipitate sudden death in patients with preexisting CAD. There is evidence that the mechanism linking the experience of stress and the development of acute coronary events is exposure to sympathetic hyperarousal and a deficit in soothing. Research is needed to determine if work environments can be designed to minimize hyperarousal and provide protective outlets for individuals experiencing such arousal.
 ...
PMID:Stress factors in the development of coronary artery disease. 638 69

Hysterectomy is the most frequently performed major operation in the United States--and one of the most controversial. Although there are large regional differences in hysterectomy rates, the nationwide rate declined between 1975 and 1980. Leiomyomas, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and pelvic relaxation are among the most frequent indications for hysterectomy. One fourth to one half of all women who undergo hysterectomy develop some morbidity, with fever and hemorrhage the most common types. Late sequelae may include the residual ovary syndrome, depression, and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The mortality rate appears to be about one death per 1000 operations. Neither prevention of cancer nor contraceptive sterilization appears to justify elective hysterectomy in asymptomatic women. Hysterectomy will continue to be an important component of women's health care. Ongoing peer review activities, improvements in surgical technique, and continued research should help ensure that each hysterectomy performed is both appropriate and safe.
 ...
PMID:Hysterectomy in the United States. 640 44

The effects of sufentanil (0.7 microgram/kg) and fentanyl (7 microgram/kg) on general and coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism were studied in 6 and 9 patients without cardiovascular disease. Both drugs produced a slight reduction in heart rate, cardiac index and mean aortic pressure, whilst peripheral vascular resistance remained unchanged. There was a decrease in dp/dtmax and a slight increase in LVEDP suggesting minimal depression of myocardial contractility. Myocardial blood flow and myocardial oxygen uptake slightly decreased due to reduction in pressure-, volume- and frequency-load and dp/dtmax. With both drugs arterial concentrations of glucose, lactate, pyruvate and free fatty acids and their myocardial uptake did not change significantly. Clinically equi-anaesthetic doses of sufentanil and fentanyl produced almost identical effects on general and coronary haemodynamics. With regard to the cardiovascular actions sufentanil offers no advantage over fentanyl.
 ...
PMID:[Haemodynamics, coronary blood flow and myocardial metabolism in man: effects of sufentanil and fentanyl (author's transl)]. 644 52

Low dose estrogen tablets, containing less than 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol, were formulated because of the recognized dose response relationship with the steroid content of the tablet and side effects. These new oral contraceptives (OCs) are as effective as the older high-dose OCs, and available evidence reports fewer side effects. This discussion reviews pharmacology of these new OCs, the mechanism of action, contraindications, side effects, and problems with the low-dose estrogen OC. Ethinyl estradiol is the only estrogen used in the low-dose combination OC. There are several synthetic progestins: norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, norgestrel, levonorgestrel, and ethynodiol diacetate. These progestins have different potencies so the pharmacologic activity cannot be accurately predicted based on the amount present in the tablet. The synthetic steroids in OCs are absorbed in the small intestine, metabolized in the liver, excreted in the bile and feces with a half-life of 24 hours. The low-dose estrogen combination preparation is taken 3 out of every 4 weeks. Its contraceptive effect is primarily a result of hypothalamic mediated gonadotropin suppression with subsequent inhibition of ovulation. Contraindications to taking the low-dose OC are the same as for the higher dose OC: thromboembolic or cardiovascular disease, estrogen dependent neoplasia, markedly impaired liver function, undiagnosed genital bleeding, congenital hyperlipidemia, pregnancy, and women over age 30 who smoke. Relative contraindications include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, migraine headaches, uterine myomas, and epilepsy. The often quoted 2-5-fold increased incidence of thromboembolic disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke is based on large epidemiologic studies involving patients taking the older higher dose OCs. Current data from patients taking the newer low-dose medication demonstrate minimal if any increased incidence of these problems in young women who do not smoke. The low-dose estrogen OCs have minimal effect on lipid levels. Early reports of patients using the low-dose OC have shown little if any increased incidence of hypertension. The low-dose contraceptives have little effect on glucose tolerance, and there is no evidence to show an increased incidence of overt diabetes in OC users. There is no evidence that use of the combination OC causes an increase in cancer of the cervix, uterus, or ovaries. Clinical complaints of nausea, breast discomfort, chloasma, weight changes, and depression are reduced with the low-dose estrogen preparation. Hypomenorrhea while taking the OC occasionally occurs because the lower dose of estrogen is insufficient to stimulate the endometrial growth in face of the predominant progestin-atrophy effect.
 ...
PMID:Oral contraceptives in 1984. 649 Mar 38

The effects of atropine and glycopyrronium, when given intravenously with neostigmine during the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in patients with cardiovascular disease, were compared in a double blind trial. Atropine was associated with a significantly greater elevation of heart rate and rate-pressure product than glycopyrronium. This elevation was also more sustained with atropine. The entire atropine population also showed a significantly greater incidence of ST-segment depression on the electrocardiogram than that observed in those who had received glycopyrronium. Furthermore, patients with ischaemic heart disease and previous myocardial infarction who received atropine showed a significantly greater incidence of dysrhythmias than those given glycopyrronium. It is suggested that at the time of reversal of neuromuscular blockade in patients with cardiovascular disease, glycopyrronium is a more suitable agent than atropine.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of atropine and glycopyrronium in patients with pre-existing cardiac disease. 651 48


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>