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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Analytical approaches to Burning Mouth Syndrome permit the suggestion that it is a symptom of hidden depression, where the depressive process and its two major indicators (vital sadness and psycho-motor slowing down) are totally or partially concealed by a somatic symptomatology which can strike down any system: vaso-vegetative, cardio-vascular, gastro-intestinal, genito-urinary, muscles and skeleton. 2. Depression is a mental process, part of normal psychic development, which must be overcome at least once in a lifetime in order to reach the status of an autonomous being. Hidden depression is one form of pathological depression, which expresses an inability to (i) mentalize depression, separation, and (ii) become an autonomous being. 3. Burning mouth is a symptom resulting from complex dynamics, from hysterical conversion to the inability to mentalize separation, both with underlying fault in the "narcissistic nucleus" (a term meaning the sense of identity originating in the motherly holding, in the skin to skin touch). 4. Treatment will be a combination of anti-depressive drugs and psychotherapy, drugs being prescribed by the practitioner, and psychotherapy conducted by a therapist with an analytical background.
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PMID:[Burning mouth syndromes and depression. A psychoanalytic approach]. 892 32

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity although the oral mucosa is clinically normal. The syndrome mostly affects middle-aged women. Various local, systemic and psychological factors have been found to be associated with BMS, but its etiology is not fully understood. Oral complaints and salivary flow were surveyed in 669 men and 758 women randomly selected from 48,500 individuals between the ages 20 and 69 years. Fifty-three individuals (3.7%), 11 men (1.6%) and 42 women (5.5%), were classified as having BMS. In men, no BMS was found before the age group 40 to 49 years where the prevalence was 0.7%, which increased to 3.6% in the oldest age group. In women, no BMS was found in the youngest age group, but in the age group 30 to 39 years the prevalence was 0.6% and increased to 12.2% in the oldest age group. Subjective oral dryness, age, medication, taste disturbances, intake of L-thyroxines, illness, stimulated salivary flow rate, depression and anxiety were factors associated with BMS. In individuals with BMS, the most prevalent site with burning sensations was the tongue (67.9%). The intensity of the burning sensation was estimated to be 4.6 on a visual analogue scale. There were no increased levels of depression, anxiety or stress among individuals with more pain compared to those with less pain. It was concluded that BMS should be seen as a marker of illness and/or distress, and the complex etiology of BMS demands specialist treatment.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome: prevalence and associated factors. 1047 59

This research has been conducted on the basis of the association between a psychogenic factor and stomatopyrosis as its consequence. Stomatopyrosis is characterized as a burning sensation or as pain in the mouth cavity with clinically normal oral mucosa. It typically occurs with elderly female population, aged on average 67. Burning mouth as a symptom occurs primarily on the lips, although it may be located on some other sites on the oral mucosa. There are various etiological factors influencing the emergence of stomatopyrosis. They are divided into local factors, related to candidiasis, dysfunction, problems caused by dentures; systemic factors, with hormonal or immunological disturbance, medicines, etc; and, finally, psychogenic factors, characterised by various psychological states and conditions like depression, anxiety, adaptability and emotional stability. The objective of this research was to prove that psychogenic factors cause the burning mouth syndrome sensation. Methods which helped us to establish the link between psychogenic factors and the emerging of stomatopyrosis were general history of the respondents, clinical history, which included both objective and subjective assessment, and psychological rating scales and tests. The results have shown that sex of the respondents does not make any difference. Diagnosis of the oral disease shows that burning is the symptom as well as in the diagnosis of the disease, that localisation of the symptom is primarily on lips, followed by tongue, cheeks, and palate. The description of the symptoms shows that respondents with stomatopyrosis complain of burning and dryness in the mouth cavity. As far as the intensity of the symptom is concerned, the results have shown that the symptom is in most cases unbearable. The frequency of the occurrence of the symptoms said to be continuous. The typical time when the symptom occurs is daytime, followed, by night and evening, day and night. Tension dentures and hot food intensify the symptom. Subjective change in taste is present in the high percentage. Visual analogue scale shows a high degree subjective assessment of the symptoms in the mouth cavity. Thermoestesiometry has established that there are no pathological changes on the oral mucosa. Psychological rating scales and tests have established the presence of psychical changes in a high percentage. What we took into account were the most frequent changes: depression, anxiety, adaptability and emotional stability. We also established a systematic and a psychiatric diagnosis that was necessary for making the right choices when treating people with stomatopyrosis. Stomatopyrosis is the state whose factor, apart from local and systematic factors, may be psychogenic factor. We think that stymatopyrosis may be psychosomatic state that can be cured or treated by appropriate treatment, which includes psychiatric treatment as well.
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PMID:Psychogenic factors in the aetiology of stomatopyrosis. 1094 75

Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in the tongue or other oral sites, usually in the absence of clinical and laboratory findings. Affected patients often present with multiple oral complaints, including burning, dryness and taste alterations. Burning mouth complaints are reported more often in women, especially after menopause. Typically, patients awaken without pain but note increasing symptoms through the day and into the evening. Conditions that have been reported in association with burning mouth syndrome include chronic anxiety or depression, various nutritional deficiencies, type 2 diabetes (formerly known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes) and changes in salivary function. However, these conditions have not been consistently linked with the syndrome, and their treatment has had little impact on burning mouth symptoms. Recent studies have pointed to dysfunction of several cranial nerves associated with taste sensation as a possible cause of burning mouth syndrome. Given in low dosages, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be effective in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Topical capsaicin has been used in some patients.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome. 1187 78

Burning mouth syndrome is the occurrence of oral pain in a patient with a normal oral mucosal examination. It can be caused by both organic and psychologic or psychiatric factors, which can be broken down into local, systemic. psychologic or psychiatric, and idiopathic causes. The most frequently associated conditions are psychiatric (depression, anxiety, or cancerphobia); xerostomia; nutritional deficiency; allergic contact dermatitis; candidiasis; denture-related pain: and parafunctional behavior. Multiple different factors contributing to the oral pain are common, and a systematic approach to the evaluation is important. Identification of correctable causes of BMS should be emphasized and psychiatric causes should not be invoked without thorough evaluation of the patient. A directed history and careful oral examination must be completed to exclude local diseases and identify clues to potential causes. Assessment of medications, psychiatric history and background, and selected laboratory and patch tests may help identify the etiologies of these symptoms. Treatment should be tailored to each patient and may best be managed in a multidisciplinary approach with input from dermatologists, dentists, psychiatrists. otorhinolaryngologists, and primary care providers. A thoughtful and structured evaluation of the patient with BMS has been associated with improvement in about 70% of patients. The remaining patients may benefit from empiric therapy with a chronic pain protocol and continued supportive interactions.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome. 1262 76

Burning mouth syndrome is a condition characterized by burning sensations of the oral cavity in the absence of physical abnormalities of the mucosa or a detectable underlying medical disorder. It is a multifactorial disorder with unclear etiology, affecting predominatly middle-aged women. Multiple approaches to treatment have been described in the literature, with few controlled clinical trials regarding their efficacy. The objectives of this retrospective study were to: 1. determine the epidemiologic characteristics of BMS patients referred to an oral medicine practice; 2. determine if BMS classification correlates with response to treatment; 3. determine the efficacy of a variety of known therapies for BMS. A database was constructed from the charts of 150 consecutive patients diagnosed with BMS; and these charts were reviewed. Patients were classified according to previously published criteria for BMS. Presumed etiologies were grouped into depression/anxiety-associated; hematinic deficiencies, including iron, folate and vitamin B complex; oral habits: and idiopathic BMS. Treatment approaches were divided into seven categories: soft desensitizing appliance; tricyclic antidepressants (TCA); benzodiazepines (BZD); topical analgesics; hematinic supplements; habit awareness counseling; and multi-modal therapy (combining two or more of the above). Improvement was recorded using a zero to 100% VAS scale and classified as no relief (0%); mild (0-40%); meaningful/moderate (41-80%); and profound relief (81-100%). Burning mouth syndrome without any identifiable cause (idiopathic) was diagnosed in 33 patients (46.6%). Patients were followed up at one month (4 weeks) after the initial visit. Nine patients (12.7%) reported profound relief; 17 patients (23.9%) reported meaningful relief; 39 patients (54.9%) reported mild relief. This retrospective review showed no significant correlation between classification of BMS and response to therapy. The most effective treatment modalities were habit awareness, followed by TCAs.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome. A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. 1276 83

We present a 63-year-old male patient with major depression, characterised by prominent somatic symptoms localised especially around the mouth, whose complaints started just after a prostate operation. The symptoms consisting of burning in the mouth, pain, dry mouth (xerostomia), an unpleasant and strange feeling of taste and itching, are all consistent with burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome is a common disorder, usually affecting elderly females, characterised by intractable pain and burning in the oral cavity, evident especially in the tongue, together with a normal mouth mucosa. In the scientific literature a variety of terms are used to describe similar symptoms, such as glossodynia, glossopyrosis, stomatodynia and oral dysestesia. Most patients suffer from the syndrome for a long time, ranging from months up to years. The onset was reported to be gradual for most of the subjects, although many patients relate the onset of symptoms to previous dental procedures or to a previous medical illness. Burning mouth syndrome has a multifactorial etiology. Anxiety disorder, hypochondriasis, conversion disorder and especially depression may be considered amongst the psychological factors responsible for this situation. The psychological findings in burning mouth syndrome patients may be either the consequence of the chronic pain condition or its cause. It is well known that those patients had a relatively high percentage of psychiatric or psychological treatment in the past and/or present. After excluding organic factors, depression should be considered in old patients with predominant mouth complaints.
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PMID:[Burning mouth syndrome and depression: a case report]. 1279 58

Glossopyrosis (Glossodynie, Burning mouth syndrome) is not a independent diagnosis it is only a symptom of a lot clinical pictures. Local diseases like glossitis, allergies and tumors of the tongue are best known from ENT-doctors. But there are also gastrointestinal, immunologic, neurologic, psychiatric and dermatologic diseases cause glossopyrosis. Glossopyrosis may be the first symptom of HIV infection, Diabetes or a depression long before manifestation of the full clinical picture. Also dental materials and drugs are iatrogenic factors for glossopyrosis. The multifarious differential diagnosis were described and discussed.
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PMID:[Glossopyrosis--diagnosis and therapy]. 1594 62

Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) or glossodynia is a chronic pain syndrome that mainly affects middle-aged/elderly women. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin, often idiopathic, and its etiopathogenesis remains largely enigmatic. Visible pathologic lesions of the oral mucosa or processes are usually not evident. Etiologic factors that have been reported include several disorders (e. g. hematologic disorders, denture factors, the climacteric, infections, endocrinological, neurological or psychiatric disorders). On the other hand psychological factors, such as anxiety, depression and phobias have been reported to play a significant role at the beginning of this nosological entity. BMS related to nutritional deficiency is uncommon. A systemic approach to assessment is essential and the opinion of other specialities, particularly internal medicine, dentistry or neurology, may be of help. Treatment is of the underlying cause but in many cases no specific aetiological factor is identified. Non-indicated substitution therapy of suspected but unproved deficiency states must be avoided. Treatment approaches were divided into topical and systemic strategies. However, there is little research evidence that provides clear guidance for those treating patients with BMS.
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PMID:[Burning mouth syndrome--etiology, differentialdiagnostical aspects and therapy]. 1519 16

Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by both positive (burning pain, dysgeusia and dysesthesia) and negative (loss of taste and paraesthesia) sensory symptoms involving the lips and tongue, mainly the tip and anterior two-thirds. BMS patients report a persistently altered (metallic) taste or diminished taste sensations. Acidic foods such as tomatoes and orange juice cause considerable distress. Most of the common laboratory tests suggested for BMS patients will be negative as well. BMS is best subcategorized as primary BMS, no other evident disease, and secondary BMS, which is defined as oral burning from other clinical abnormalities. The presence of BMS is very uncommon before the age of 30; 40 years for men. The onset in women usually occurs within three to 12 years after menopause, and is higher in women who have more systemic disease. Quantitative assessment of the sensory and chemosensory functions in BMS patients reveals that the sensory thresholds (significantly higher) are different than in controls. Tongue biopsies have shown that there is a significantly lower density of epithelial nerve fibers for BMS patients than controls. The above data generally support the idea that BMS is a disorder of altered sensory processing which occur following the small fiber neuropathic changes in the tongue. BMS patients frequently have depression, anxiety, sometimes diabetes, and even nutritional/mineral deficiencies, but overall these co-morbid diseases do not fully explain BMS. The management of BMS is still not satisfactory, but because BMS is now largely considered to be neuropathic in origin, treatment is primarily via medications that may suppress neurologic transduction, transmission, and even pain signal facilitation more centrally. Finally, spontaneous remission of pain in BMS subjects has not been definitely demonstrated. The current treatments are palliative only, and while they may not be much better than a credible placebo treatment, few studies report relief without intervention.
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PMID:Burning mouth syndrome: an update on diagnosis and treatment methods. 1696 71


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