Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Five elderly patients presenting with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus were referred to the sectorised psychiatry service of the department of health care of the elderly. They represented 2% of patients admitted over a period of two years. Two patients presented with a subacute confusional state, two with dementia, and one with depression. Three patients responded well to treatment. This suggests that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is more common in elderly people than was originally thought and is a potentially treatable cause of organic brain disorder. The absence of reports of elderly patients with SLE is likely to be due to the continued application of the American Rheumatism Association's revised 1982 classification criteria, which are inappropriate for this population.
 ...
PMID:Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus in elderly people: a case series. 147 95

Thirty newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease and 30 patients with primary depressive illness showed slowing of response on a computerized digit symbol substitution test when compared with 30 matched normal control subjects. Significant slowing was related, in the parkinsonian patients, to structural brain disorder and affective impairment and, in the depressed patients, to motor impairment. A second computerized test, cognitively simpler but requiring the same motor response, was also administered to each subject. Both cognitive and motor slowing seemed to contribute to slowing of response in the digit symbol test in both parkinsonian and depressed patients. The tests were repeated after about six months in 12 subjects from each group. The parkinsonian patients, on dopaminergic treatment, showed neither significant change in motor or affective impairment, nor improvement in response time for the digit symbol test, but change in response time was related to change in depression rating. The depressed patients, on conventional treatment, showed significant improvement in both affective and motor impairment and improvement in response time for the digit symbol test, due to improvement in cognitive slowing. It is proposed that bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease and psychomotor retardation in depressive illness are closely related, and that impairment of dopaminergic systems may be involved in both.
 ...
PMID:Bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease and psychomotor retardation in depressive illness. An experimental study. 310 50

Alzheimer's Disease affects approximately two million people. It is a crippling, organic brain disorder that causes loss of recent memory, intellectual deterioration, unpredictable behavioral changes, and personality deterioration. The fourth leading cause of death among the elderly, it also affects younger people. The disease has two victims, the Alzheimer patient and the caregiver. Caregivers often experience shame, embarrassment, denial, frustration, anger, depression, and guilt as they care for an Alzheimer patient. This paper provides information about the disease and it's manifestations, along with practical suggestions to help both the Alzheimer patient and the caregiver.
 ...
PMID:Alzheimer's disease: a practical, psychological approach. 402 52

The clinical approach to geriatric major depression involves a variety of special etiopathophysiologic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic considerations. In regard to pathophysiology, modern brain imaging and postmortem assessments are elucidating neuropathologic changes in elderly depressives that challenge the notion that geriatric depression is simply a functional brain disorder. These data suggest (but do not yet establish) that many patients who experience depression onset at a late age may acquire affective disease on an arteriosclerotic basis. In contrast, elderly depressives who experience depression onset at an early age are more likely to have acquired depression due to genetic factors but may nevertheless develop degenerative neuropathologic changes over time. The presence of these neuropathologic changes appears to increase elderly patients' risk for developing the adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects of antidepressant treatments. They thereby add another level of complexity to the management of an age group in which pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes already contribute to the likelihood of adverse drug reactions. Fortunately, the last decade of antidepressant drug development has produced several new agents (including the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors and more recently, venlafaxine and nefazodone) with substantially reduced CNS and cardiovascular toxicity that facilitate effective treatment of geriatric depression.
 ...
PMID:Geriatric depression: brain imaging correlates and pharmacologic considerations. 796 46

Clinical electroencephalography is a relatively simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool with a high sensitivity for diffuse organic encephalopathy of various aetiologies but with a rather low specificity for the type of diagnosis. The highest sensitivity is shown in DAT and Parkinson dementia, and in these conditions the degree of EEG abnormality is correlated with the disease severity. Quantification of EEG makes these correlations more reliable and provides a method for monitoring therapeutic effects. Dementias with predominantly frontal pathology show much less EEG abnormality, and in these conditions the EEG is often normal despite obvious clinical dementia. Also, alcohol dementias often show normal EEG patterns. At an early stage of clinical evaluation, EEG may be useful in the discrimination of organic dementia from pseudodementia, because EEG is usually normal in depression, confusion, agitation and other psychiatric conditions. In pseudodementia due to intoxication with sedatives the EEG is usually dominated by diffuse beta activity. At the stage of differential diagnosis of an organic brain disorder, EEG cannot reliably discriminate between encephalopathies secondary to hydrocephalus, AIDS, cerebrovascular disease, B12 deficiency and primary degenerative diseases such as DAT. More specific EEG patterns are seen in acute cerebrovascular lesions, metabolic encephalopathies, i.e. of hepatic origin, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, herpes encephalitis, and nonconvulsive status epilepticus as possible causes of a rapidly deteriorating mental and neurological condition. Repeated EEG recordings over time would add significantly to the diagnostic information. New techniques such as topographical brain mapping, analysis of the EEG during REM sleep, coherence analysis of the EEG activity, and the combination of quantified EEG techniques with evoked potentials and event-related potentials will presumably add to the sensitivity as well as the specificity of the electrophysiological methods in the diagnosis of dementia.
 ...
PMID:Electroencephalography as a diagnostic tool in dementia. 906 24

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disorder characterized by neurobiological changes that lead to a compulsion to take a drug with loss of control over drug intake. The hypothesis outlined here is that knowledge of the neurochemical systems involved in the transition from drug use to the compulsive use of addiction will provide the rational basis for development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction. Much evidence has been obtained in identifying the midbrain-basal forebrain neural elements involved in the positive reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse and more recently in the neural elements involved in the negative reinforcement associated with drug addiction. Key elements for the acute reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse include a macrostructure in the basal forebrain called the extended amygdala that contains parts of the nucleus accumbens and amgydala and involves key neurotransmitters such as dopamine, opioid peptides, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate. Withdrawal from drugs of abuse is associated with subjective symptoms of negative affect, such as dysphoria, depression, irritability and anxiety, and dysregulation of brain reward systems involving some of the same neurochemical systems implicated in the acute reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, acute withdrawal is accompanied by recruitment of the brain stress neurotransmitter system, corticotropin-releasing factor. Animal models of craving involve not only conditioning models but also models of excessive drug intake during prolonged abstinence, post-acute withdrawal, that may reflect continued dysregulation of drug reinforcement that could lead to vulnerability to relapse and represent an important focus for pharmacotherapy. Such changes have been hypothesized to involve a change in set point for drug reward that may represent an allostatic state contributing to vulnerability to relapse and re-entry into the addiction cycle. Elucidation of the specific neuropharmacological changes contributing to this prolonged functional dysregulation will be the challenge of future research on the neurobiology of drug addiction.
 ...
PMID:Neurobiology of addiction. Toward the development of new therapies. 1091 30

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common brain disorder in the elderly. In most patients who develop dementia the core syndrome of cognitive dysfunction is superimposed over the course of the disease by behavioral disorders that manifest at least temporarily to varying degrees. These include depression, anxiety, agitation, restlessness, aggression, disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle, delusions and hallucinations. Classical psychiatric exploration can be complemented by the use of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) which allows structured diagnosis and comparative documentation of the clinical course. The majority of psychotropic drugs used in psychogeriatics have not been specifically developed for or tested in elderly, often multimorbid patients. Substances used in psychogeriatrics are subject to special requirements due to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes specific to very old persons. They must show clinical efficacy and a low rate of cardiovascular, peripheral and central anticholinergic effects, a low delirogenic potential and favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Most of the newer atypical neuroleptics (e.g. risperidone) and the newer antidepressants (e.g. from the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, or selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs) tend to fulfill these criteria better than the high-potency neuroleptics of the butyrophene type (e.g. haloperidol) or the tricyclic antidepressants. For that reason, these newer products should usually be preferred over the conventional agents.
 ...
PMID:[Diagnosis and therapy of behavior disorders in dementia]. 1111 9

Sydenham's chorea (SC) occurs weeks or months after Group A streptococcal infection, and is characterized by involuntary, purposeless movements of the limbs, in addition to behavioural alteration. There is a body of evidence which suggests that SC is an immune-mediated brain disorder with regional localization to the basal ganglia. Recent reports have suggested that the spectrum of post-streptococcal CNS disease is broader than chorea alone, and includes other hyperkinetic movement disorders (tics, dystonia and myoclonus). In addition, there are high rates of behavioural sequelae, particularly emotional disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depression. These findings have lead to the hypothesis that similar immune-mediated basal ganglia processes may be operating in common neuropsychiatric disease such as tic disorders, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This review analyses the historical aspects of post-streptococcal CNS disease, and the recent immunological studies which have addressed the hypothesis that common neuropsychiatric disorders may be secondary to basal ganglia autoimmunity.
 ...
PMID:Autoimmunity and the basal ganglia: new insights into old diseases. 1261 82

Early life stress (ELS) has been linked to adult psychopathology, though few studies have examined the universality of specific adverse childhood events (ACEs) in healthy adults. We examined the co-occurrence of specific ACEs and their relationship to current emotional distress in an international sample of adults without psychopathology. Participants were 1659 men and women recruited for an international neurocognitive-neuroimaging database from sites in the United States, Australia, England, and the Netherlands. Participants had no current or prior diagnosis of major depression, anxiety, substance abuse, or neurological brain disorder. The occurrence and age on onset of 19 ACEs was assessed by a self-report questionnaire (ELSQ), and current symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). The relationship of specific ACEs to DASS symptoms was examined. Participants reported relatively high prevalence of ACEs. Only 27.6% of the sample reported no ACEs, while 39.5% reported one or two significant experiences and 32.9% reported more than two ACEs. Rates of most ACEs were quite similar across the three continents. Various ACEs were significantly associated with current DASS severity, particularly ACEs involving emotional abuse, neglect, and family conflict, violence, and breakup. Finding nearly one-third of the sample reported three or more ACEs suggest a high prevalence of ELS in otherwise healthy "normal" adults around the world. Associations between ELS and current emotional distress suggest that these events have functional relevance and deserve further investigation.
 ...
PMID:Early life stress and adult emotional experience: an international perspective. 1692 77

This article presents the data on cost of the major brain disorders in Belgium which were retrieved from "Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe" study sponsored by the European Brain Council and performed by Stockholm Health Economics. The disorders selected were: addiction, depression, anxiety disorders, brain tumours, dementia, epilepsy, migraine and other headaches, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, psychotic disorders, stroke and trauma. Figures for prevalence of disorders and direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs are based on data coming from available electronic data bases, or when missing for Belgium, best possible estimates or extrapolated data were used. All economic data were transformed to Euro's for 2004 and adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). The results show that the total number of people with any brain disorder in Belgium amounts to 2.9 million in 2004, the most prevalent being anxiety disorders 1.1 million, migraine 860000, addiction (any) 800,000 and depression 500,000 cases. The total cost of all included brain disorders in Belgium was estimated at 10.6 billion Euros. Most costly per case are brain tumours, multiple sclerosis, stroke and dementia. Because of their higher prevalence, however depression, dementia, addiction, anxiety disorders and migraine have the highest total costs. Taken together brain disorders consume 4% of the gross national product and cost each citizen of Belgium 1029 Euros per year. The drug costs for brain disorders constitute only 10% of the total drug market in Belgium, and only 4% of the total cost of brain disorders in Belgium. This should be compared to the cost estimates and to a previous study which showed that brain disorders are responsible for 35% of the total burden of all disorders in Europe. This study suggests therefore that the direct healthcare resources, including expenses for drug therapies, allocated to brain disorders in Belgium are not leveled to the indirect costs and burden of these disorders. A comparison with data available from a direct prospective study in demented Belgian patients suggests that the mathematical estimates presented here reflect quite accurately the real average cost for dementia, although there are large variations depending on disease severity. As, in addition, subjects with brain disorders face collateral costs which have not been taken into associations, a complementary survey in the Belgian ecosystem to establish the cost profile of representative patients for the major brain disorders. Such a survey is being organized by a task force of the Belgian Brain Council.
 ...
PMID:Cost estimates of brain disorders in Belgium. 1732 38


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>