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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two cases of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in adolescence are presented and the literature on the use of ECT in childhood and adolescence is reviewed. ECT was effective in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and depression. Inadequate information exists to make a judgment regarding schizophrenia, delirium, and anorexia nervosa. ECT is not effective in autism and chronic organic brain syndromes. Complications cited include organicity and seizures in the period immediately after ECT, anxiety reactions, and disinhibition. Long-term memory deficit or cognitive impairment has not been found, although further research to rule out residual impairment is needed.
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PMID:A review of ECT for children and adolescents. 222 48

The Zung Depression Scale was given to 45 Israeli male alcoholics as diagnosed by DSM-III criteria. Eighteen subjects came from an outpatient alcohol clinic, and 27 came from an inpatient detoxification center. In this cohort, 60% of subjects were classified as having clinical depression, and major depressive disorder was found in 26% of inpatients and 17% of outpatients. Pattern analysis of the Zung showed a disproportionately high percentage of all subjects responding to clinical symptoms featured in bipolar disorder, while the inpatient group reported significantly more difficulty than the outpatient group on parameters of pervasive affective disorder, early and frequent waking, constipation, irritability, and emptiness.
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PMID:Prevalence of depression among Israeli alcoholics. 230 71

The authors administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to 21 patients with borderline personality disorder. The patients met criteria for various other DSM-III diagnoses, meeting exclusion criteria in some cases, and not in other cases. Frequency distribution of each diagnosis and the diagnoses of each individual patient, are presented. Affective disorder was the most common diagnosis (85%). Of these, 62% had primary major depression, and 23% had secondary depression. Other diagnoses include bipolar disorder, dysthymia, panic, agoraphobia, alcohol and Drug abuse, somatization disorder, and many others. The authors conclude that while borderline disorder may be a sub-affective disorder, a specific diagnostic profile for this disorder that accounts for the presence of other Axis I and Axis II syndromes has yet to be delineated.
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PMID:Associated diagnoses (comorbidity) in patients with borderline personality disorder. 232 83

Sixty-one winter depressive patients were evaluated for evidence of bipolar illness. Using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version and the General Behavior Inventory, only nine (15%) could be considered bipolar. On prospective evaluation of patients during the summer following winter depression, few showed signs of manic or hypomanic symptoms. Also, few patients had a family history of bipolar illness. When patients were asked to evaluate symptoms of winter depression, lack of energy was found to be the most prominent feature of the syndrome.
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PMID:Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? 234 Jul 14

Sixty patients with personality disorders were evaluated by several different diagnostic instruments to determine the prevalence of cyclothymia in borderline personality disorder (BPD) and in other personality disorders (OPD). Cyclothymia occurred more frequently in BPD than in OPD, regardless of which diagnostic system was used. In contrast, the prevalence of major, minor, and intermittent depression, hypomania, and bipolar disorder was not significantly different in BPD as compared with OPD. Cyclothymic borderlines and noncyclothymic borderlines could not be distinguished on behavioral or functional measures. These results have implications for the diagnostic validity of both BPD and cyclothymia.
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PMID:The prevalence of cyclothymia in borderline personality disorder. 238 Jan 58

In 1965/66, a consecutive series of 89 in-patients with depression were interviewed, given two personality tests (the EPI and LOI), and were accorded a score on a neurotic-psychotic continuum (DI). Eighteen years later, the series was followed up and the predictive power of the original data was determined. High neuroticism scores on the EPI on recovery and particularly when ill but referring to the pre-morbid state were associated with poor overall outcome and chronicity. High obsessional interference scores on the LOI on recovery were also associated with poor long-term outcome, impaired social adjustment, more time spent in hospital, and with the subsequent development of schizophrenic or schizoaffective episodes. High psychotic scores on the DI were also associated with poor long-term outcome, a greater length of time spent in hospital, and with bipolar affective disorder, and this effect was independent of the personality measures.
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PMID:Does personality predict long-term outcome in depression? 239 60

This review of research on affective disorders in multiple sclerosis was prepared by members of the Cognitive Function Study Group of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (New York, NY) to call attention to the prevalence and seriousness of emotional disturbances in multiple sclerosis, and to encourage further investigation of these syndromes. We present English-language studies of euphoria, pathological laughing and weeping, depression, and bipolar disorder, describe methodological limitations, and suggest areas for future clinical research.
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PMID:Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for clinical research. 240 90

Cholinergic and monoaminergic hypotheses have dominated affective disorders research. The propriety of an hypothesis is determined by the point of a field in its development. Both categories of hypotheses have encouraged important research but their utility can be limited by the assumption that the pathophysiology of depression and mania is due to cholinergic or monoaminergic pathology. In actuality, neurotransmitter networks interact and are mutually regulating. The cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction theory (CMIT) is a dynamic account of the mutual inter- and intra-regulation of cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. This model maintains that virtually every variable related to the neurobiology of bipolar disorder is regulated by mechanisms internal and external to those neurotransmitter systems involved in its pathophysiology. In principle, these variables include receptor density and sensitivity, membrane properties, cytosolic calcium, magnesium and sodium ion concentrations, activities of ATPases and calcium channel gating and cascade mechanisms. This array of variables stems from the assumption that the brain is a complex, unified dynanism. The CMIT posits homeostatic mechanisms preserving the direction of this dynanism. In this article, the theme of neurotransmitter-neurotransmitter system interaction is developed and the CMIT is offered as a paradigm useful in addressing the pathophysiology of affective disease from within the conceptual framework of a neurotransmitter system interaction theory.
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PMID:Cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction in the pathophysiology of the affective disorders? 243 81

Valproic acid and its enteric-coated derivative, divalproex sodium, have been used extensively in a wide variety of seizure disorders. Recent preliminary research demonstrates the effectiveness of valproate in the treatment of manic-depressive illness, including acute mania, prevention of bipolar episodes, and schizoaffective disorder. In uncontrolled and controlled studies, treatment-resistant patients with these disorders have responded well to valproate. Preliminary results of an ongoing community-based open trial of valproate treatment of those affective illnesses reveal that valproate is frequently effective and has a favorable side effect profile. Overall, approximately two out of three patients with refractory bipolar disorder respond to acute therapy with valproate. Response in schizoaffective patients has been moderate, and valproate seems to be less effective in the treatment of depression. Experience suggests the importance of monitoring plasma drug levels to maximize efficacy and minimize potential toxicity.
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PMID:U.S. experience with valproate in manic depressive illness: a multicenter trial. 249 53

The authors report morbid risks found for depression, alcoholism, and bipolar disorder in first-degree relatives of 179 probands with recurrent depression. Comparisons were made for relatives' gender, probands' gender, and probands' age at onset. Results showed overall morbid risks of 20.7% for non-bipolar depression, 15.4% for alcoholism, and 1.1% for bipolar disorder. Female relatives were found to be at greater risk for depression than males, while the reverse was true for alcoholism. Sex of proband had no effect. Risk to relatives of early-onset probands was significantly elevated compared to late-onset probands. Various cutoffs for ages at onset were examined, and the effect became more marked as the cutoff age was decreased to 20.
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PMID:Family history in recurrent depression. 252 86


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