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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With recent developments in community psychiatric services, concern with prevention has become an urgent social, as well as medical challenge. Comprehensive investigation into causation must therefore be given systematic emphasis. This paper is an effort toward clarification of etiology, specifically of the depressive disorder, in terms of early childhood experiences. The work is based on social and psychiatric history data collected by experienced psychiatric social workers on two groups of subjects from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Studies under the direction of Allen Raskin, Ph.D, of the NIMH Psychology Research Branch, and a third group of subjects from Boston State Hospital. The hypothesis that childhood deprivation, defined as "the lack, loss or absence of an emotionally sustaining relationship prior to adolescence", has a meaningful association with the occurrence of adult depression was tested in a sample of 347 depressed inpatient women and 114 outpatient women in comparison to 198 normal women used as a control or reference population. The subjects were all Caucasian. Events occurring during childhood that could be considered within the definition of deprivation were documented. Further, subjects were assessed as to depriving childrearing experiences. The findings revealed no association of adult depression with overt childhood loss events, but did provide evidence to support an association of depriving childrearing processes with adult depression. The findings also revealed evidence of a relationship between the degree of the depriving childrearing experience with the severity of the adult illness as measured by hospital status. The results are discussed in relation to findings from other studies of childhood deprivation and psychiatric disorder.
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PMID:Deprivation in the childhood of depressed women. 111 95

A four-year follow-up of professional personnel who had been working overseas indicates that the depressive syndrome was the most common diagnosable psychiatric illness in this population. The study also shows that in this content the syndrome had a good prognosis. It therefore seems reasonable not to exclude persons with diagnosable depression from assignment abroad but, rather, to identify the syndrome and recommend necessary treatment.
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PMID:The depressine Syndrome: a follow-up study of 130 professionals working overseas. 112 8

Research diagnostic criteria were used in a structured interview to evaluate the presence of unrecognized psychiatric illness in 50 acute medical and surgical patients over the age of 65 at the La Jolla Veterans Administration Hospital; 24% of the subjects had unrecognized major mental disorders -- predominantly depression or alcoholism. The geriatric patients most likely to have unrecognized illness were older, widowed or divorced, had past jail and/or psychiatric hospital experiences, and gave histories of vascular disorders. The results are consistent with past literature on the elderly.
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PMID:Unrecognized psychiatric illness in elderly medical-surgical patients. 118 23

Self-destructive behavior in the adolescent is a continuum that ranges from drug intoxications to gestures of low lethality to suicide attempts with high lethality of intent. Such behavior should be treated as a signal of long-term stress and strife. A "Psychological biopsy" is outlined for evaluation of the severity and type of perturbation. This focuses on 9 areas of inquiry: the circumstantial lethality of the event; prior self-destructive behavior; depression; hostility; stress; reaction of the parent or parent surrogate; loss of communication; lack of resources; and extremes of parental expectations and control. Adolescents under severe familial and socioeconomic stress, and with a history of acting-out behavior, often respond well to transfer to a more favorable home situation. In cases where there is no apparent familial perturbation, the physician should be alert to the possibility of severe psychiatric disorder. In either case, initial definition of the problem opens the way to a plan for management and support.
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PMID:Evaluation of suicide risk in adolescents. 120 61

Twenty-nine consecutive outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome were given structured psychiatric interviews, as were 33 consecutive medical controls who did not have irritable bowel syndrome. All were from an internal medicine group practice. Seventy-two percent of irritable bowel syndrome subjects had psychiatric illness, with hysteria and depression the most prevalent syndromes. Only 18% of controls had psychiatric illness. The primary physician made an accurate psychiatric assessment in only 28% of the subjects. An awareness of his patient's psychiatric illness is necessary for the physician to provide effective treatment, as for depression, and to spare the patient needless medications, hospitalizations, and surgery, as with hysteria.
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PMID:Psychiatric illness and the irritable bowel syndrome. Practical implications for the primary physician. 124 77

Five-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) differentiated 30 volunteer patients who considered themselves hypoglycemic into three major groups: those who had reactive hypoglycemia, those who were normal, and those who had diabetes. Clinical psychiatric evaluation and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory testing revealed that half of the 30 patients were experiencing a current psychiatric disorder, usually depression. Hysterical personality traits were also noted in many of the patients. The idea that reactive hypoglycemic patients have specific personality characteristics was not substantiated by the authors' data. They hypothesize that some patients with psychiatric illness may have their symptoms erroneously attributed to incidental GTT findings.
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PMID:A psychiatric study of patients referred with a diagnosis of hypoglycemia. 125 38

1,000 medical and surgical inpatients referred for psychiatric conSULTATION SHOWED CONCURRENT PHYSICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER IN 68.2% of cases. This is in accordance with epidemiological findings that these two types of morbidity have a positive association and coexist in 20-50% of patients. Depression was the commonest psychiatric disorder in all classes of organic disease and accounted for 53% of all psychiatric diagnoses. Organic brain syndromes, acute and chronic constituted 18% of referrals. Almost twice as many women as men were referred despite their nearly equal distribution in hospital population. One-third of the females had no positive medical diagnosis compared to one-fifth of the men. Alcoholism was a major problem in 8.9% of referrals. 7.8% of patients were referred following suicidal attempt. Of the 50 patients with cancer. 66% had depression. Too few medical patients with psychiatric complications are referred and adequately treated. Greater emphasis on teaching psychiatric syndromes is called for. Psychiatric consultation-liaison services offer the most direct form of collaboration between psychiatry and medicine in the interests of comprehensive patient care.
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PMID:Psychiatric consultations in a general hospital. A report on 1,000 referrals. 126 47

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] activation and abnormal HPA regulatory mechanisms have been observed in depressed patients. Depressed and schizophrenic patients were studied to determine whether the HPA disturbances in depression are specific to this psychiatric illness or are mediated by nonspecific breakdown of psychological defense mechanisms. Despite the presence of severe ego defense breakdown and considerable secondary depressive symptomatology, the schizophrenic patients had normal HPA function. The depressed patients had elevated urine free cortisol excretion, high CSF cortisol levels, and did not show normal HPA suppression in response to dexamethasone. Within the depressed group significant correlations of HPA parameters were obtained with somatic features but not with ego breakdown features. After recovery depressed patients had more normal HPA function. The results indicate that HPA dysfunction can occur in association with primary depressive illness, that a psychoendocrine distinction can be made between primary depressive illness and secondary depressive symptomatology, and that psychological defense breakdown is not related to these neuroendocrine observations. Attention is drawn to the utility of urinary free cortisol measurement as a valuable index of HPA activation in psychoendocrine studies.
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PMID:Limbic system-adrenal cortex regulation in depression and schizophrenia. 127 36

On the basis of criminal police files we studied 508 suicides which happened between 1970 up to 1981 in the Ravensburg area in southern Germany. The police files also included medical records about in- or outpatient psychiatric treatment and also data about former violent behaviour. Mental disease as follows were most frequent: Depression 66% (diagnoses were made according to IDC-0 by two doctors under supervision of two senior psychiatrists; ICD-9: 300.4, 309.0 and 309.1 22%, ICD-9 296.1, 296.3 7.1% of the entire suicide group); neuroses and personality disorders 19%, addition, especially alcoholism, 28%. No psychiatric diagnosis could be made retrospectively in 10.6% (54 suicides). Sign in the presuicidal development like depressive symptoms, hopelessness and feelings of having no future, sleeping disturbances, feelings of guilt and anxiety, inner restlessness, but also changes in the direction of serenity and relaxation, treats of suicidal behaviour and reactions of the family and environment were reported showing a broad span of reactions from lack of perception to wrong interpretation. 15% of the suicides had also criminal activities in their former history. From a psychiatric point of view, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the treatment of the mentally ill, especially in the field of outpatient medical care of depressive and addictive patients, and better information of the relatives is to be demanded in order to prevent suicides.
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PMID:[Suicide in the Ravensburg/Oberschwaben area. Results of a study of 508 suicides based on criminal police records]. 128 28

Panic episodes were described as a distinct form of anxiety by Freud almost 100 years ago, and the recent publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (D.S.M.-III), has provided the basis for the separate diagnostic entity of panic disorder. In this study, we showed the historical review of research and the result of our clinical study of panic disorder in 7 patients. The following results were obtained: 1) Abnormal DSTs were observed in only two of 5 patients. 2) Five of 6 patients showed high concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline in urine. 3) Anxiety was provoked by caffeine in two of 5 patients. 4) Depression of T-wave was shown in three of 5 patients with orthostatic E.C.G. 5) Sinus tachycardia was gained in one of 3 patients with Holter E.C.G. 6) Abnormal respiratory functions were observed in all two patients with Treadmill. 7) Only one small heart was observed on a chest radiograph. 8) Panic attacks were provoked by sodium lactate infusion in four of 7 patients.
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PMID:[Panic disorder]. 128 52


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