Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Firesetting in childhood and adolescence is associated with the more severe end of the conduct-disorder continuum and is considered to be prognostic of later pathology. The literature provides limited understanding of the pathology underlying firesetting in juveniles. This study compared the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Assessment-Adolescent profiles of 28 psychiatric inpatient adolescent boys with a history of firesetting with the profiles of 96 psychiatric inpatient adolescent boys who do not have a history of firesetting. Using multivariate analyses, the firesetting group appeared more pathological than did the nonfiresetting group as reflected by significantly higher scores on three clinical scales: Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), and Mania (Ma). The firesetting group also scored significantly higher than did the nonfiresetting group on eight of the content scales: Adolescent-Depression, Adolescent-Alienation, Adolescent-Bizarre Mentation, Adolescent-Anger, Adolescent-Conduct Problems, Adolescent-Family Problems, Adolescent-School Problems, and Adolescent-Negative Treatment Indicators. Taken together, these results suggest that the pathology associated with juvenile firesetting is more complex as well as more severe than that associated with nonfiresetting conduct disorder. The firesetting group's profiles suggest that their psychopathology is not merely a severe behavior disorder but rather is indicative of feelings of distress, alienation, depression, and thought disorder or poor reality testing. This degree of inner turmoil may be motivational impetus for the firesetting itself.
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PMID:MMPI-A profiles of adolescent boys with a history of firesetting. 868 21

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been considered a mental and behavioral disorder of childhood and adolescence. It is being increasingly recognized in adults, who may have psychiatric co-morbidity with secondary depression, or a tendency to drug and alcohol abuse. We describe a 32-year-old woman known for years as suffering from borderline personality disorder and drug dependence (including hashish, marijuana, LSD and "ecstasy") and alcohol abuse that did not respond to treatment. Only when correctly diagnosed as ADHD and appropriately treated with the psychotropic stimulant, methylphenidate (Ritalin), was there significant improvement. She succeeded academically, which had not been possible previously, the craving for drugs diminished and a drug-free state was reached. Although administration of psychostimulants to drug abusers is controversial, as they are addictive, in cases of ADHD they have promoted drug abstinence.
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PMID:[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, facilitating alcohol and drug abuse in an adult]. 922 72

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores of 328 adolescents referred to a depression clinic were factor analyzed to test the discriminant validity of each factor. Three of the four factors (Negative Self Attitude. Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Symptoms) discriminated depressed adolescents from those with a behavior disorder or no diagnosis; the Negative Self Attitude and Performance Difficulty factors also discriminated depressed from anxious adolescents. The fourth factor, Physical Worry, failed to discriminate diagnostic groups. Diagnostic efficiency statistics are reported for both the BDI and for items comprising the 13-item BDI Short Form. Results indicate the BDI is a valid screening tool for adolescent depression in a clinical setting, regardless of the presence of comorbid conditions.
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PMID:Relationship of Beck Depression Inventory factors to depression among adolescents. 929 25

Sleep disruption represents an important, and clinically relevant facet of Parkinson's Disease [PD]. This review attempts to integrate the current knowledge regarding sleep alterations in PD by examining following: the nature of sleep disturbance in PD, the influence of antiparkinson medication on sleep parameters, the interaction of psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety with sleep, and possible beneficial aspects of sleep in PD. Special emphasis is placed on rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and the evidence of it heralding PD and related disorders.
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PMID:Interactions of sleep and Parkinson's disease. 1070 35

Patients with Parkinson's disease frequently have depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We observed two patients who had episodes of pathologic gambling. At the same time, their Parkinson's disease deteriorated and they initiated self-medication with dopaminergic drugs. In both patients, signs were present of an addiction to dopaminergic medication. Pathologic gambling ceased in these patients after a few months. The significance of an insufficient dopaminergic reward system in patients with stereotypical addictive-like behavior (e.g., pathologic gambling) is discussed in this report. The most likely explanation for this newly recognized behavioral disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease is enhanced novelty seeking as a consequence of overstimulation of mesolimbic dopamine receptors resulting from addiction to dopaminergic drugs.
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PMID:Pathologic gambling in patients with Parkinson's disease. 1139 Nov 29

Few patients with symptomatic neurosyphilis present with signs and symptoms of acute meningitis. Here we report two cases of syphilitic meningitis diagnosed in HIV patients with meningeal syndrome. The first case, a 30-year-old black bisexual male, had concurrent meningeal and ocular syphilis with persistent unusually low CSF glucose levels. He responded well to 21 days of intravenous penicillin therapy. The second case was a 55-year-old female with epilepsy, depression, behavioral disorder and confusion. The diagnosis of HIV infection was made after onset of the syphilitic meningitis. She was treated with 21 days i.v. penicillin with improvement in her clinical condition. The clinical aspects of combined neurosyphilis and HIV infection, plus special features of diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Syphilitic meningitis in HIV-patients with meningeal syndrome: report of two cases and review. 1177 55

Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class that is used to treat insomnia in humans. Zolpidem binds selectively to the benzodiazepine omega-1 receptor and increases the frequency of chloride channel opening, which results in inhibition of neuronal excitation. A retrospective study was conducted of zolpidem ingestion in dogs that were reported to the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) between January 1998 and July 2000. Data analysis included amount ingested, clinical effects, and time of onset of signs. Thirty-three reports of zolpidem ingestion in dogs (ranging in age from 5 months to 16 years) were evaluated. Approximate ingested dosages ranged from 0.24 to 21 mg/kg. Clinical signs reported included ataxia (18 dogs; 54.5%), hyperactivity (10 dogs; 30.3%), vomiting (7 dogs; 21.2%), and lethargy (5 dogs; 15.2%), as well as panting, disorientation, nonspecific behavior disorder, and hypersalivation (4 dogs each sign; 12.1%). Other signs reported include tachycardia, tremors, apprehension, vocalization, hypersalivation, weakness, and hyperesthesia. In 85% percent of reports, clinical signs developed within 1 hour and usually resolved within 12 hours. Although central nervous system (CNS) depression is reported as a primary effect of zolpidem in humans and would also be expected in dogs, information obtained from this study indicates that some dogs may exhibit a paradoxical excitation reaction. This effect appears to vary among individual dogs.
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PMID:Clinical syndrome associated with zolpidem ingestion in dogs: 33 cases (January 1998-July 2000). 1189 40

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most frequent neuropathologically diagnosed degenerative dementing illness. The clinical characteristics are progressive dementia, Parkinson syndrome, fluctuations of cognitive functions, vigilance and attention, visual hallucinations (usually detailed and well described), depression, REM-sleep behavior disorder, adverse responses to standard doses of neuroleptics, falls, syncopes, systematized delusions, and non-visual hallucinations. Mean age at disease onset ranges between 60 and 68 years. Male persons are more frequently affected than female. Disease duration is six to seven years. The differential diagnoses of DLB are dementia of the Alzheimer-type, Parkinson's disease, subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and, in rare cases, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The genetic background of the disease is unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission tomography can contribute to the diagnosis. The disease is treated with L-dopa, atypical neuroleptics, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, antihypotensive agents, and peripheral anticholinergic and alpha-receptor-blocking medicaments to improve neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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PMID:[Dementia with Lewy bodies]. 1192 77

Noradrenaline has been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and the noradrenaline transporter (NET) is a target for some antidepressants. Therefore, mice with disrupted NET gene expression (NET-KO) appear especially suitable for studying this behavioral disorder. We have examined the interaction between social stress (an etiological factor of depression) and the resulting depressive behaviors in NET-KO mice. Social stress was induced by daily defeats from larger resident mice while depression was assessed by the behavioral despair model. Animals subjected to repeated social stress showed reduced weight gain and a gradual shift from offensive to defensive behaviors. The latter may be considered a situation-specific depressive-like behavior. NET gene disruption did not prevent these changes that developed in a homotypic situation (i.e., during the repeated application of the same stressor). In contrast, stressed NET-KO mice showed more struggling in the behavioral despair model than stressed wild type (WT) animals. Thus, NET gene disruption inhibited depression-like behavior in chronically stressed animals tested in a situation heterotypic to the original cause of chronic stress. We suggest that the behavioral effects of NET gene disruption were overruled by experience and learning in the homotypic situation but manifested fully in the heterotypic situation. Tentatively, our data suggest that enhanced noradrenergic function does not prevent situation-specific social learning but impedes the generalization of depression to heterotypic circumstances.
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PMID:Behavioral responses to social stress in noradrenaline transporter knockout mice: effects on social behavior and depression. 1212 53

Disorders of sleep and daytime alertness are frequent in Parkinson's disease patients and arise from a number of diverse factors. The most common complaint of night-time sleep disturbance in Parkinson's disease is sleep fragmentation. Sleep fragmentation can be associated with recurrent parkinsonian symptoms, the effect of medications, concomitant medical disorders such as nocturia, or psychiatric disorders such as depression or anxiety. Likewise, nocturnal sleep disturbance may arise from sleep apnea, periodic limb movements of sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. Nocturnal sleep deprivation may lead to excessive daytime sleepiness. Other potential sources of daytime sleepiness include the effects of medications or disruption of central sleep mechanisms due to the pathologic processes of Parkinson's disease itself. Diagnosis of sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness requires a direct interview of the patient and the caregiver, and may involve consultation with the sleep specialist or medical physician. Treatment is aimed toward improving night-time sleep and daytime drowsiness by addressing the causative factors.
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PMID:Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease. 1258 48


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