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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Difficulties in the cognitive processing of emotions--including difficulties identifying and describing feelings--are assumed to be an integral part of autism. We studied such difficulties via self-report in 27 high-functioning adults with autistic spectrum disorders, their biological relatives (n = 49), and normal adult controls (n = 35), using the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The individuals with autism spectrum disorders were significantly more impaired in their emotion processing and were more depressed than those in the control and relative groups.
J Autism Dev Disord 2004 Apr
PMID:Brief report: cognitive processing of own emotions in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder and in their relatives. 1516 41

Many of the diverse functional consequences of activating group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors require translation of pre-existing mRNA near synapses. One of these consequences is long-term depression (LTD) of transmission at hippocampal synapses. Loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the defect responsible for fragile X syndrome in humans, increases LTD in mouse hippocampus. This finding is consistent with the growing evidence that FMRP normally functions as a repressor of translation of specific mRNAs. Here we present a theory that can account for diverse neurological and psychiatric aspects of fragile X syndrome, based on the assumption that many of the protein-synthesis-dependent functions of metabotropic receptors are exaggerated in fragile X syndrome. The theory suggests new directions for basic research as well as novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of humans with fragile X, the most frequent inherited cause of mental retardation and an identified cause of autism.
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PMID:The mGluR theory of fragile X mental retardation. 1521 35

Depression is rare in early childhood and unusual in autism in this age group. We describe a female child aged 6 years with autism who presented with regression of developmental skills previously gained. Her sleep and appetite were poor, her affect was sad, and she had morbid speech content. She responded to treatment with antidepressant medication. When this clinical picture occurs in adults it is called depressive pseudodementia; paediatric neurologists and neuropsychiatrists need to be aware of it in children.
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PMID:Depressive pseudodementia in a child with autism. 1523 Apr 63

Cybertherapy is a field that is growing rapidly due to today's technology and information boom. Virtual reality and advanced technologies have been used successfully to in a variety of healthcare issues, including treatment of anxiety disorders and phobias, treatment of eating and body dysmorphic disorders, neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation and distraction during painful or unpleasant medical procedures. The novel applications of these technologies yield many advantages over traditional treatment modalities, and the disadvantages that accompanied the first trials of virtual reality are quickly being addressed and eliminated. Virtual reality peripherals such as data gloves, physiological monitoring and Internet worlds are swiftly demonstrating their usefulness in cybertherapy applications. Future directions for research include improvements of objective measures of efficacy such as fMRI and physiological monitoring devices, and investigations are being carried out to determine if virtual reality and advanced technologies can be used to treat a broader scope of disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, drug addiction, and autism.
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PMID:The future of cybertherapy: improved options with advanced technologies. 1529 56

The social withdrawal behaviour concept is presented, along with its historical background and its links to infant depression. Sustained social withdrawal behaviour in infancy is observed either with attachment disorders, in autism, sensory impairment, intense and chronic pain, or in interaction disorders and as effects of maternal depression on the infant. The alarm distress baby scale (ADBB) is a 8 item-assessment scale. It has been built to help screening early withdrawal behaviour, making use for example of the routine physical examination in a Well Baby clinic. Current clinical and research application and validations of the scale are presented.
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PMID:[Social withdrawal behaviour in infant: clinical and research interest]. 1552 4

Brain asymmetry is understood as an anatomical, functional or neurochemical difference between the two hemispheres. It is not a static but rather a dynamic phenomenon in which both environmental and endogenous factors act as modulators. Aging modifies brain asymmetry, and an imbalance in specific asymmetries characterizes some brain disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, infantile autism or Alzheimer's disease. However, it is not clear whether these changes are a cause or a consequence of these disorders. Although this phenomenon has been extensively studied, its functional significance is not yet clear, and the neurochemical basis underlying anatomical or functional asymmetries in the brain is still poorly understood. In recent decades intensive research on the behaviour of neuropeptides has revealed asymmetries in their distribution in the brain, and there is evidence that the lateralized patterns of distribution are involved in the regulatory control of some neuropeptidase activities. Therefore, if these enzymatic activities are distributed asymmetrically, their endogenous substrates would presumably be affected in an asymmetrical way, as would the functions they are involved in. Here we review the most significant literature regarding human and animal brain asymmetry involving neuropeptides such as corticotropin-releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and angiotensin II, as well as their neuropeptidases.
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PMID:Neuropeptides, neuropeptidases and brain asymmetry. 1558 19

Although reinforcement often leads to repetitive, even stereotyped responding, that is not a necessary outcome. When it depends on variations, reinforcement results in responding that is diverse, novel, indeed unpredictable, with distributions sometimes approaching those of a random process. This article reviews evidence for the powerful and precise control by reinforcement over behavioral variability, evidence obtained from human and animal-model studies, and implications of such control. For example, reinforcement of variability facilitates learning of complex new responses, aids problem solving, and may contribute to creativity. Depression and autism are characterized by abnormally repetitive behaviors, but individuals afflicted with such psychopathologies can learn to vary their behaviors when reinforced for so doing. And reinforced variability may help to solve a basic puzzle concerning the nature of voluntary action.
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PMID:Reinforced variability in animals and people: implications for adaptive action. 1558 23

A previous report noted a 27% prevalence of autism in Joubert syndrome (JS), raising the question of overlapping etiologies. Family studies have shown that autism is characterized by family loading for a number of specific behavioral and psychiatric disorders and that the sib recurrence risk is around 4%. The purpose of this study is to determine whether children with Joubert and their families show behavioral or genetic characteristics similar to autism. Thirty-one volunteer Joubert families were identified. Parents completed a semi-structured family history interview and the Autism Behavioral Checklist. Rates of family loading for neuropsychiatric disorders in the JS families were compared to autism family history data and Down syndrome (DS) controls. The JS families had significantly lower rates of autism, alcoholism, cognitive, and language disorders than the autism families. Their rate of depression was lower, but not significantly different from that found in autism families. None of the JS children met the clinical cut-off for autism based on parental symptom report and the sib recurrence risk was 32% for the JS families compared to 4% for the autism and 0% for DS families. These data indicate that JS is a genetically distinct disorder from autism. Different genes with different inheritance patterns that affect neurodevelopment of the cerebellum could explain the clinical similarities previously reported in JS and autism.
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PMID:Joubert syndrome is not a cause of classical autism. 1563 74

This paper reports the findings of a 20-week social adjustment enhancement curriculum for boys aged 8-12. The curriculum was designed to address three areas hypothesized to be deficient in persons with HFA, AS, and PDDNOS: emotion recognition and understanding; theory of mind; and executive functions/real life type problem solving. Parents attended a semi-structured concurrent psychoeducational training meeting during children's sessions. Statistically significant improvements in facial expression recognition, and problem solving were reported for intervention group children compared to waiting list control group children. For the intervention group (the only group for whom data were available), older and less cognitively able boy's scores on a depression inventory decreased significantly more than younger children's. Mother's depression scores tended to decrease and there were significant reductions in child problem behaviors reported. Results are discussed in the context of individual differences in participant cognitive levels and profiles, symptom severity, and affect-related variables.
J Autism Dev Disord 2004 Dec
PMID:A social adjustment enhancement intervention for high functioning autism, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder NOS. 1567 85

The brain is one of the organs with the highest level of lipids (fats). Brain lipids, formed of fatty acids, participate in the structure of membranes, for instance 50 % fatty acids are polyunsaturated in the gray matter, 1/3 are of the omega-3 family, and are thus of dietary origin. The omega-3 fatty acids (mainly alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) participated in one of the first experimental demonstration of the effect of dietary substances (nutrients) on the structure and function of the brain. Experiments were first of all carried out on ex vivo cultured brain cells, then on in vivo brain cells (neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) from animals fed ALA deficient diet, finally on physicochemical (membrane fluidity), biochemical, physiological, neurosensory (vision an auditory responses), and behavioural or learning parameters. These findings indicated that the nature of polyunsaturated fatty acids (in particular omega-3) present in formula milks for human infants determines to a certain extend the visual, neurological, and intellectual abilities. Thus, in view of these results and of the high polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the brain, it is normal to consider that they could be involved in psychiatric diseases and in the cognitive decline of ageing. Omega-3 fatty acids appear effective in the prevention of stress, however their role as regulator of mood is a matter for discussion. Indeed, they play a role in the prevention of some disorders including depression (especially post partum), as well as in dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease. Their role in major depression and bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disease), only poorly documented, is not clearly demonstrated. The intervention of omega-3 in dyslexia, autism, and schizophrenia has been suggested, but it does not necessarily infer a nutritional problems. The respective importance of the vascular system (where the omega-3 are actually active) and the cerebral parenchyma itself, remain to be resolved. However, the insufficient supply of omega-3 fatty acids in today diet in occidental (less than 50 % of the recommended dietary intakes values for ALA) raises the problem of how to correct inadequate dietary habits, by prescribing mainly rapeseed (canola) and walnut oils on the one hand, fatty fish (wild, or farmed, but the nature of fatty acids present in fish flesh is the direct consequence of the nature of fats with which they have been fed), and eggs from laying hens fed omega-3 fatty acids.
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PMID:[Omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatry]. 1569 97


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