Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rates of depression among panic disorder patients are particularly elevated in patients with comorbid social phobia. However, it is unclear whether this association is specific to social phobia, or whether any comorbid anxiety disorder increases the risk of depression. We assessed 100 panic disorder patients and found a significantly higher incidence of lifetime major depression for panic patients with comorbid social phobia or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Panic patients with comorbid social phobia had significantly higher scores on measures of dysfunctional attitudes and lower scores on measures of assertiveness; these variables may mediate the link between social phobia and depression in this population.
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PMID:Major depression in panic disorder patients with comorbid social phobia. 191 60

Recent literature has addressed a frequent comorbidity between alcoholism and anxiety/depression. These disorders have been interdigitated with the brain amines serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine. We investigated 51 dually diagnosed patients (generalized anxiety disorder with depressive features plus alcohol abuse/dependency) under a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial employing the 5-HT1A compound buspirone. Buspirone was superior to placebo as an anxiolytic. It was well tolerated and reduced the number of days patients desired alcohol. At the final study dose, the buspirone metabolite 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine (1-PP) was significantly related to improvement in anxiety, global depressive symptoms, and number of days not using alcohol. Analysis using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and its retardation cluster revealed significant improvement secondary to anxiolysis. Thus, buspirone (especially via its 1-PP metabolite) may be an effective treatment strategy in the anxious or mixed anxious-depressive patient with comorbid alcoholism when other conventional anxiolytics may be contraindicated.
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PMID:The association of buspirone and its metabolite 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine in the remission of comorbid anxiety with depressive features and alcohol dependency. 192 64

The asymmetry of tritiated imipramine (IMI) binding sites (which are associated with serotonergic mechanisms) were investigated in the orbital frontal cortex in 6 women and men who died of natural causes, and who did not have a history of mental disorders. There was significant interhemispheric asymmetry in both sexes, higher Bmax on the right side compared with the left. The Bmax values of IMI binding in the right orbital cortex in women were significantly higher than in men. Our preliminary findings--gender difference of serotonergic mechanisms in some area of the human brain--are in accordance with the observed gender differences in a variety of serotonin-regulated behaviors (sexual behavior, aggression and impulse control), and serotonergic mental disorders (eating disorders, suicidal behavior, anxiety disorders and depression).
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PMID:Serotonergic interhemispheric asymmetry: gender difference in the orbital cortex. 192 59

It has been suggested recently that major depression and concurrent chronic minor depression, or "double depression" (DD), may have a different course and presentation from major depression alone (MDA). The present study compares 41 patients with DD and 60 patients with MDA for differences in life course of depressive illness and characteristics of the current depressive episode. Patients with DD, as compared with patients with MDA, had an earlier age of onset of mood disturbance, more episodes of major depression, and more frequent concurrent anxiety disorders. However, patients with DD were not significantly different from patients with MDA who had greater than a 6-month history of mood disturbance, with regard to life course of illness variable. The characteristics of current depression in patients with DD and MDA were not significantly different. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Life course of depressive illness and characteristics of current episode in patients with double depression. 194 Aug 91

The ability of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and 50 items from the self-rated Hopkins Symptom Checklist to discriminate generalized anxiety disorder from major depressive disorder was examined for over 3,000 patients entering studies in three drug development projects at Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Discriminant analysis models using stepwise procedures were developed for each scale separately, combining both Hamilton scales, and combining all three scales. The statistical model using both Hamilton scales produced the best discrimination. Items from the Hopkins Symptom Checklist scale did not improve the ability to discriminate patients by diagnosis correctly. The generalizability was tested by applying the discriminant models to new data sets or subsets of the data sets used in the model-building process. Correct classification rates for differentiating the two disorders ranged from 87-99% for the final model.
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PMID:Symptom comorbidity in anxiety and depressive disorders. 197 40

Continuation treatment is the continued administration of a drug after disappearance of acute symptoms for the purpose of maintaining control over the episode. This critical phase of treatment constitutes a neglected area of research concerned with depression and anxiety disorders. Most therapeutic studies focus on the treatment of acute symptoms, using designs of only 4-8 weeks' duration. These studies provide little information on the effectiveness and use of continuation treatment for the duration of an episode, which may extend for months following control of acute symptoms. Furthermore, the relatively few continuation drug therapy studies deal primarily with depressive disorders, leaving anxiety disorders almost two decades behind depressive disorders in terms of published research in this critical area of treatment. This report reviews the current status of continuation drug treatment for anxiety and depression and examines research needs, issues, and problems. It also presents a design model for evaluating the need for and duration of continuation treatment for both depressive and anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Efficacy of continuation drug therapy of depression and anxiety: issues and methodologies. 197 43

Depression is a common complication of anxiety disorders. Major depressive disorder may be the primary diagnosis, the patient having been unaware of depressed affect until anxiety became less prominent. Depression may also be a comorbid condition, appearing because anxiety lowers the threshold for its development or as a result of use of central nervous system depressants or intercurrent medical illnesses. Depression may also be a response to psychosocial consequences of anxiety or its resolution. In some anxious patients, depression is a later stage in the development of a dysregulated stress response. Initial treatment of depression involves therapy for organic causative factors and psychosocial problems. Medications that may be useful for both depression and anxiety include cyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and possibly azapirones and benzodiazepines. Combined anxiolytic-antidepressant treatment may be necessary for some patients.
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PMID:Understanding and treating depression in anxious patients. 197 23

Previous research has documented high rates of major depression and antisocial personality in opiate addicts. This study was designed to investigate the relationship of dual diagnosis in opiate-addicted probands to family history of psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders in biological relatives. Psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders were evaluated using direct interview and family history in a sample of 877 first-degree relatives of 201 opiate addicts and 360 relatives of 82 normal controls. Results indicate that (1) compared with relatives of normal subjects, opiate addicts' relatives had substantially higher rates of alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, and antisocial personality; (2) relatives of depressed opiate-addicted probands had elevated rates of major depression and anxiety disorders but not of other disorders, suggesting the validity of subtyping opiate addicts by the presence or absence of major depression; and (3) in contrast, relatives of antisocial opiate addicts had rates of disorders that were not significantly different from those of relatives of opiate addicts without antisocial personality. Implications of these findings for the classification and treatment of substance abuse are discussed.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with opiate addiction. 198 60

Patients with panic disorder or depression have abnormal responses to the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor partial agonist clonidine. Evidence linking anxiety to noradrenergic dysfunction and the presence of anxiety symptoms in both depression and panic suggest that abnormal responses to clonidine in these disorders could be due to the anxiety symptoms. To explore a possible link between "nonspecific" anxiety symptoms and abnormal responses to clonidine, patients with DSM-III-defined generalized anxiety disorder were given intravenous infusions of clonidine hydrochloride. Responses of plasma growth hormone, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, heart rate, blood pressure, and psychological states were determined in 11 patients with generalized anxiety disorder and 14 healthy subjects. Clonidine produced significantly smaller growth hormone responses in patients than in healthy controls. The two groups did not differ in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, heart rate, blood pressure, or psychological responses to clonidine. These results are compared with data from similar studies on patients with panic disorder and depression. The blunting of the growth hormone response to clonidine in all three disorders could be due to the presence of generalized anxiety symptoms. Subsensitivity of postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptors may be present in all three disorders; however, there are alternative interpretations of growth hormone blunting in response to clonidine. Blunting was observed in DSM-III-defined generalized anxiety disorder, whether or not the DSM-III-R criterion of excessive worry was also present.
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PMID:Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. 198 71

In a controlled clinical trial, 57 Ss meeting DSM-III-R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, and fulfilling an additional severity criterion, were randomly allocated to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), behavior therapy (BT), or a waiting-list control group. Individual treatment lasted 4-12 sessions; independent assessments were made before treatment, after treatment, and 6 months later, and additional follow-up data were collected after an interval of approximately 18 months. Results show a clear advantage for CBT over BT. A consistent pattern of change favoring CBT was evident in measures of anxiety, depression, and cognition. Ss were lost from the BT group, but there was no attrition from the CBT group. Treatment integrity was double-checked in England and in Holland, and special efforts were made to reduce error variance. Possible explanations for the superiority of CBT are discussed.
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PMID:Comparison of behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. 200 34


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