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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to evaluate lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and prevalence of dyssocial behaviors among self-reported child abusers, three large databases of clinical, community, and family study subjects were examined. Subjects who had acted as parents and who reported any episodes of child battery were compared to those without any history of child battery on prevalence of psychiatric disorders and dyssocial behaviors. Overall, 4% of subjects from the community sample reported child abuse. Abusers not selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to receive diagnoses of alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, and major depression. Those selected through alcoholism treatment were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder. Abusers in general were found to have a history of disciplinary problems, property destruction, and as adults to engage in other violent behaviors. It was concluded that self-identified child abusers have increased lifetime rates of antisocial personality disorder, alcoholism, and depression. The association between child abuse and other violence is not explained by selection of cases through the medical or legal systems.
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PMID:Psychiatric diagnoses of self-reported child abusers. 840 49

Alcohol dependence is not a unitary or homogeneous disorder. There is substantial evidence to suggest that in both community and particularly in clinical samples, additional psychopathology is common. Although estimates of additional psychopathology differ according to the samples studied and the instruments used to classify disorders, up to two-thirds of clinical samples of patients with alcohol dependence are likely to have a lifetime diagnosis of another psychiatric disorder. Affective disorder and antisocial personality disorder appear to be the most commonly and consistently reported additional disorders. Women more than men appear to suffer from additional psychopathology, including secondary and primary depression, although this evidence is weakened by there being fewer studies carried out on mixed gender populations. Having an additional psychiatric diagnosis appears to alter the course of alcohol dependence: it may hasten the development of dependence on alcohol and may bring individuals to the attention of treatment agencies more quickly. More recent studies have examined the relationship between alcohol dependence and affective disorder in the current episode. There is consistent evidence to suggest that a diagnosis of depression in the current episode may change to one of alcohol dependence alone, once detoxification or abstinence has been achieved. The prognosis of those who continue to be depressed remains unclear.
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PMID:The relationship between alcohol dependence and depression. 851 85

The function of the central serotonergic system was examined indirectly through the measurement of prolactin (PRL) and cortisol responses to fenfluramine challenges in 27 heroin addicts 2 months after detoxification and in nine healthy volunteers. Heroin abusers included nine addicts with comorbid depressive disorders (Group A), nine with aggressive behavior and antisocial personality (Group B), and nine with heroin addiction uncomplicated by other Axis I and II psychiatric disorders (Group C). PRL and cortisol responses of patients in Group A were blunted, while those of patients in Groups B and C did not differ from those of the healthy volunteers. Cortisol responses in Group A differed significantly from those in the other patient groups and in the normal comparison group for AUC analyses, but the diagnosis x time interaction showed a significant difference only between Group A and the normal group. Our data suggest that the function of the serotonergic system is impaired in heroin addicts with comorbid depression but not in heroin addicts who are not clinically depressed. Thus, the serotonergic system does not appear to be impaired by prolonged opioid exposure, per se.
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PMID:Serotonin function in detoxified heroin abusers: prolactin and cortisol responses to fenfluramine challenge. 857 Jul 67

Violence against women by their male partners is widespread and infrequently identified as a causal factor in multiple physical and psychological problems of female patients in medical and psychiatric settings. Three main countertransferences that interfere with accurate identification of battered women are described: (1) counter- identification, (2)countertransference rage, and (3) countertransference helplessness. Battering men and battered women are found in all levels of society, although younger, lower income, less-educated men who have observed parental violence in their own home are at higher risk of abusing their spouses. Additionally, antisocial personality disorder, depression, and/or alcohol and drug abuse increase the risk of male violence in the home. Contrary to popular belief, the husband-to-wife violence is usually motivated by his need to control her rather than a result of his loss of control. Battered women show no consistent prebattering risk markers, except for a history of parental violence in their family of origin. Violence against women by their male partners is a serious public health problem that has not been adequately addressed by the medical and psychiatric professions. Myths and clinical realities of battered women are described and detailed recommendations for clinical inquiry and evaluation of level of danger are given.
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PMID:Invisible victims: battered women in psychiatric and medical emergency rooms. 874 69

Data concerning alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, depression, and antisocial behaviors, among both subjects and their parents, were obtained from a community sample of 1,201 young adults. Although 35% of the sample exhibited alcohol abuse or dependence, 14% marijuana or cocaine abuse or dependence, and 22% reported a parent positive for alcoholism, evidence of comorbidity with depression or antisocial personality was generally rare among both parents and subjects. Over one third of the subjects were negative both for family history and any disorder of their own and 20% reported a problem in both themselves and in one or both parents. These findings lend only partial support for Winokur's depression spectrum disease hypothesis, in that diagnosed children of depressed-only families have a 30% chance of exhibiting substance abuse or dependence alone, whereas diagnosed children of alcoholic-only families have only a 7% chance of exhibiting depression alone.
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PMID:The relationship between parent and offspring comorbid disorders. 874 87

The relationship between psychopathy and mental disorders was investigated in 61 male subjects during a forensic psychiatric examination. The Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) were used for the assessments. Although psychotic subjects were excluded, the overall psychiatric morbidity in the study population was high. Comorbidity was common, irrespective of the degree of psychopathy. Psychopathy was strongly positively correlated with substance abuse/dependence but negatively correlated with depression. Almost all of the subjects with high PCL-R scores had DSM-III-R antisocial and/or borderline personality disorders. However, some subjects with antisocial personality disorders had medium or low PCL-R scores. When the subjects were reassessed with diagnoses of DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders, the difference between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder was reduced.
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PMID:Psychopathy and Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders in a forensic psychiatric population in Sweden. 891 55

This study examined familial loading for non-depressive disorders in first-degree relatives (FDRs) of early-(< 20 years of age) and adult-onset (> or = 20 years of age) depressed probands. Our previous work, which demonstrated that FDRs of early-onset probands have higher rates of major depression as compared to FDRs of adult-onset probands, has not yet examined risk for non-depressive disorders in FDRs. In this paper, we focus on best-estimate diagnoses of anxiety disorders, alcoholism, and antisocial personality conducted on 639 first-degree relatives. The FDRs of early-onset probands had significantly higher rates of comorbid transmission of alcoholism and depression, and antisocial personality and depression, respectively. Significant co-transmission of anxiety disorders and depression was found in the FDRs of both early- and adult-onset probands. Future genetic studies of depression, especially early-onset depression, should hence broaden their definitions of phenotypes to include comorbid disorders when searching for the etiology of this complex disorder.
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PMID:Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands. II. Familial loading for comorbid non-depressive disorders based upon proband age of onset. 908 55

In 2 samples of sons of alcoholics (family history positive for alcoholism; FHP: N = 74 & N = 72), cluster analyses identified 3 subtypes of familial vulnerability: 1 with low levels of familial psychopathology (FHP-LP) and moderate levels of familial alcoholism; a 2nd with high levels of familial antisocial personality (FHP-ASP), violence, and alcoholism; and a 3rd with high levels of familial depression (FHP-DEP), mania, anxiety disorder, and alcoholism. Compared with family history negative (FHN) participants (N = 106), FHP offspring had higher levels of alcohol problems. FHP-ASP offspring had elevated levels of antisocial traits and negative affect. Compared with FHN participants, FHP-DEP offspring elevated levels of antisocial traits, hypomania, and experience seeking. FHP-LP offspring had moderate levels of antisocial traits.
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PMID:Heterogeneity in the families of sons of alcoholics: the impact of familial vulnerability type on offspring characteristics. 910 15

This study describes partner violence in a representative sample of young adults. Physical violence perpetration was reported by 37.2% of women and 21.8% of men. Correlates of involvement in severe physical violence differed by gender. Severe physical violence was more strongly associated with unemployment, low educational attainment, few social support resources, polydrug use, antisocial personality disorder symptoms, depression symptoms, and violence toward strangers for men than for women. Women who were victims of severe physical violence were more likely than men who were victims to experience symptoms of anxiety. The findings converge with community studies showing that more women than men are physically violent toward a partner and with clinical studies highlighting violence perpetrated against women by men with deviant characteristics.
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PMID:Gender differences in partner violence in a birth cohort of 21-year-olds: bridging the gap between clinical and epidemiological approaches. 910 36

The diagnosis of depression and Axis II personality disorders have been found to co-occur in people, and the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between chronicity of depression and Axis II diagnosis. We assessed for the prevalence of two Axis II disorders, Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Patients who were evaluated in a tertiary care center were diagnosed as having Chronic Major Depressive Disorder (CMDD), Dysthymic disorder (DD), or Acute Major Depressive Disorder (AMDD). We expected the prevalence of Axis II disorders to increase with increasing depression chronicity. Cloninger et al. (1993, Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:975-988; 1994) have proposed that temperament and character factors may be predictors of personality disorders. The instrument originally developed to measure these factors was the Tri-dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), which was later revised to produce the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). There is evidence that TCI scores help predict the presence of Axis II disorders. We hypothesized that one component of the TCI, cooperativeness, would be lower in CMDD than DD or AMDD, reflecting a relationship between Axis II disorders and chronicity of depression. From our sample, no patients had APD and there was not a significant difference between the number of patients with BPD in each of the depression groups. Furthermore, there was not a significant difference between cooperativeness scores among each of the groups. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Depression and axis II disorders: comorbidity and relationship to cooperativeness. 916 54


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