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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

74 male alcoholics participated in a three year prospective study. Data were collected four times: at admission (for the detoxification) and 1, 2 and 3 years after discharge. Patients were divided into groups according to drinking behaviour. Abstainers and relapsers who had been followed up for three years were compared with treatment variables in an attempt to separate those factors which would be predictors of outcome type. Our results indicate that for alcoholics, having an additional diagnosis of antisocial personality or drug dependence was associated with poor outcome. We failed to find a relationship between the history of alcohol dependence (manner of drinking, age of onset etc.) and clinical course. Our results suggest that symptoms of depression and anxiety, observed during a period of detoxification were gradually lowered according to the time of abstinence. Abstinence-status at a 3 year follow-up was associated with regular out-patients treatment especially during the first year after discharge.
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PMID:[Analysis of clinical data on alcoholics: a 3-year follow-up study]. 787 48

Cocaine abuse by methadone-maintained patients threatens to undermine the success of methadone programs by sustaining a drug-abusing lifestyle as well as contributing to the spread of HIV. The search for a pharmacotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cocaine has met with limited success. The most promising results emerge when specific agents, such as desipramine, are matched appropriately to specific patient characteristics, such as depression or antisocial personality disorder. For some patients, abstinence from cocaine may also require the addition of intensive psychosocial treatments that target the considerable problems faced by inner-city opioid-addicted individuals. This article discusses ways in which future research could be directed toward investigating the interaction between psychosocial services and pharmacologic treatments, while at the same time developing and testing hypotheses concerning appropriate patient-treatment matching variables.
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PMID:Cocaine abuse in methadone maintenance programs: integrating pharmacotherapy with psychosocial interventions. 793 58

Our data show that when substance abusers are subtyped simultaneously by antisocial personality disorder and the onset of depression relative to alcohol or drug abuse, groups of people with unique personality and affective profiles are identified. The profiles are represented by measures of affect-related personality variables such as trait anxiety, trait depression, histrionic traits, sensation seeking, and novelty seeking. These measures were chosen in an attempt to show that a "low arousal" personality type may be associated with antisocial personality and may thus indirectly be linked to a certain type (i.e., ASP/nondepressed) of substance abuser. By using a multi-symptomatic typological schema (i.e., a constellation of diagnostic categories rather than just one), we can show that different personality or affective profiles are indeed associated with certain subtypes of substance abusers and that depressed people who use drugs or alcohol are different affectively from antisocial types. We also show that the relationship between "low" and "high" arousal personality profile and subtypes based on co-morbid psychopathology is highlighted even more when we take into account the onset of dysthymia or depression that is primary versus secondary to substance abuse. Our findings are in accord with others' descriptions of the "affective arousal" dimensions of personality and are the first to link these dimensions with subtypes based on ASP and depression.
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PMID:Alcohol and drug abusers subtyped by antisocial personality and primary or secondary depressive disorder. 815 80

In order to examine the character and phases of injury to the nervous system in HIV infection, 207 persons were observed. In 100, antibodies to the virus and to its separate proteins were discovered by immunofermentation analysis (IFA) reaction and by Western blot test. In 67, first phases of acute inflammation asymptomatic of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy were registered; and in 33, other ailments were found. In this group, which consisted of 74 men and 26 women aged 18-45, 91 were citizens of the Community of Independent States (15 of whom had served in the military) and 9 were citizens of other countries (4 had seen military duty). 75% of cases contracted the infection via sexual transmission. The control group comprised 65 seropositive people at the first screening confirmed by IFA but negative or doubtful by Western blot. Clinical laboratory and special psychological investigations were carried out using a 16-factor personality questionnaire and standard personality analysis methods. Generalized lymphadenopathy was found in 78%, hepatomegaly in 69%, chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract 67%, dermatological pathologies 33%, acute infections 32% (syphilis, hepatitis B), splenomegaly 20%, diarrhea and loss of more than 10% of body mass 11%. There was significant decrease of T-helper cells in 82.8%, in the correlation of the quality of T helper cells and T suppressor cells in 72.4%. In 67 persons who were in the second stage of HIV infection, there was a high frequency of pathological psychological symptoms. According to the personality scale, 60% had schizoid signs, 50% had depression, 40% had psychopathy, 30% had psychasthenia, and 20% had paranoia. When 33 persons in the second and third phase of the disease were measured, schizoid signs increased to 85.7%, depression to 78.6%, psychopathy to 57.1%, psychasthenia to 71.4%, and paranoia to 64.3%. In the first phases of the disease mainly hypochondria, depression, and hysteria predominated, and as the disease progressed, psychopathy, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizoid signs, and mania rose.
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PMID:[HIV infection: the clinical and expert diagnostic aspects]. 817 5

3258 randomly selected adult household residents of Edmonton were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). One of the diagnostic categories studied was obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The lifetime and six month prevalence rates of OCD were 2.9% and 1.6% respectively. The morbidity risk, was equal in males and females at 5.4%. The peak age of risk of onset for both sexes was from the ages of 10 to 19 and, closely followed by the decade 20-29. Obsessions were found to be more frequently experienced than compulsions. Having a lifetime diagnosis of OCD is associated with an increased likelihood of developing depression, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, phobic disorders, and antisocial personality disorder. The significance of these findings is discussed for clinical practice.
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PMID:Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. 817 82

Within- and cross-center test-retest studies were conducted to study the reliability of a new, semistructured, comprehensive, polydiagnostic psychiatric interview being used in a multisite genetic linkage study of alcoholism. Findings from both studies indicated that reliability for the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was high for DSM-III-R substance dependence disorders, but less so for substance abuse disorders. Reliability of depression was good in both studies, but mixed for antisocial personality disorder (ASP). Findings are presented in terms of specific substance dependence and abuse diagnoses, as well as for depression and ASP. Criterion-specific reliabilities are examined by type of substance used. Although SSAGA was designed to provide for broad phenotyping of alcoholism, review of its new features suggests its suitability for a variety of family studies, not just those focusing on substance abuse.
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PMID:A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA. 818 35

Levels of social competence and maladaptive behaviors were examined among 184 male and 85 female treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Social competence was assessed based on indices of functioning at work and in relationships, maladaptive behaviors included severity of drug and legal problems, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Consistent with developmental interpretations, results indicated that addicts with comorbid depression had higher social competence than those with comorbid antisocial personality disorders. In contrast with research on other psychiatric groups, female addicts had lower social competence than males; however, they also had lower levels of maladaptive behaviors. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for preventive interventions and treatment for drug abusers.
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PMID:Social competence among cocaine abusers: moderating effects of comorbid diagnoses and gender. 821 93

In this study we collected data on the cognitive abilities, psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology of 20 non-institutionalized adult Turner syndrome patients. The majority of them had a normal intelligence, most were socially well adapted and no high prevalence of psychopathology was noted. In only one patient evidence of a serious bipolar hypomanic disorder and antisocial personality was found, and in one other an episode of anorexia nervosa. Nevertheless, 50% of the women expressed feelings of low self-confidence, depression and social insecurity i.e. achieving a mature level of psycho-social functioning remains a problem for a number of Turner individuals. In the counseling process of adult Turner patients special attention should be given to the social and psychological functioning so that intervention can be made if social awkwardness and psychological well-being becomes a problem.
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PMID:Turner syndrome patients as adults: a study of their cognitive profile, psychosocial functioning and psychopathological findings. 826 23

This study is designed to examine the prevalence, demographics, and the Axis I and Axis II diagnoses of sadistic personality disorder (SPD) in a previously unexamined population (outpatient veterans). It also represents the first attempt to examine the family history of those with SPD. Standardized methods were used to select 144 nonpsychotic subjects from a veterans psychiatric outpatient clinic. The population was then divided into three groups: those with SPD, those without SPD but with antisocial personality disorder or traits, and those with no Axis II disorders. A fourth group consisted of 28 control veterans without psychopathology. Subjects with SPD tended to be younger and to have lower scores on the Global Assessment Scale than did clinical control subjects without personality disorders; they also had significantly more bipolar and panic disorder than were found in the antisocial traits group. High levels of depression and alcohol dependence were also present. SPD traits correlated with DSM-III-R dramatic cluster, compulsive, passive-aggressive, and self-defeating personality disorders. The SPD group could be distinguished from other groups on the basis of family history. It was concluded that sadistic personality traits and disorders are prevalent (8.1%), associated with reduced functioning, and may have specific associations with certain Axis I and Axis II disorders. It is possible that they have a distinct familial pattern.
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PMID:Prevalence and characteristics of sadistic personality disorder in an outpatient veterans population. 827 48

Our study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of five of Chapman's Schizotypia Scales (i.e., Physical Anhedonia, Revised Social Anhedonia, Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, and Impulsive Nonconformity; L.J. Chapman, J.P. Chapman, & Raulin 1976, 1978; Eckblad & L.J. Chapman, 1983) and Meehl's Schizoidia Scale (Meehl, 1964) within a sample of 50 personality disordered subjects, many of whom possessed schizotypic traits. It was hypothesized in part that all five of the Chapman scales and the Schizoidia Scale would correlate with the schizotypal personality disorder; the Physical Anhedonia and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales would correlate with the schizoid personality disorder, whereas the Magical Ideation and Perceptual Aberration Scales would not; the Physical and Revised Social Anhedonia Scales would not correlate with the avoidant personality disorder; and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale would correlate with the borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Only the hypotheses concerning the avoidant personality disorder and the Schizoidia Scale were not supported. The findings remained even when the effects of state anxiety and state depression were controlled. Implications of the findings with respect to the validity of the Chapman and Schizoidia Scales and the personality disorders are discussed.
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PMID:The convergent and discriminant validity of the Chapman Scales. 837 97


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