Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We examined changes over 28 days in mood states, craving for cocaine, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by 12 male, predominantly intravenous-using, cocaine-addicted subjects residing in a research facility. For comparison, we examined 10 nonaddicted control subjects. There were no significant differences between cocaine addicts and controls regarding demographics and selected DSM-III-R diagnoses other than psychoactive substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder. There were significantly higher scores of psychiatric symptoms reported by cocaine addicts 1 week before admission. Mood-distress and depression scores recorded at admission and during short-term abstinence were significantly greater than those reported by controls. Addicts' mood-distress scores and craving for cocaine were greatest at admission and decreased gradually and steadily during the 28-day study. There were no significant differences between groups regarding reports of sleep other than difficulty falling asleep and clearheadedness on arising. Although there were significant differences in resting heart rate at admission and over time, there were no significant differences in weight gain or blood pressure. Given the absence of a classic "withdrawal" pattern, "short-term abstinence" may be a more appropriate classification of psychological and physical phenomena experienced by cocaine addicts who initiate abstinence in a controlled environment.
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PMID:Changes in mood, craving, and sleep during short-term abstinence reported by male cocaine addicts. A controlled, residential study. 239 45

The rapidly rising number of HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Buenos Aires has produced unprecedented difficulties in the physician-patient relationship and a need for greater involvement on the part of mental health specialists. At present, 35% of these drug users are HIV-positive. When hospitalized for various medical complications of the virus, drug users often manifest acting out behaviors, denial of their addiction, and other psychopathic personality traits. They are likely to be noncompliant with treatment regimens and demanding of special treatment from hospital staff. In many cases, physicians seek to protect themselves from involvement with these difficult, highly anxious patients by making a referral to a psychiatrist. Although such a referral is usually appropriate, physicians should seek to work through the crisis in the physician-patient relationship and address psychosocial as well as medical issues. Failure on the part of the physician to navigate the initial disorganizing crisis and symbiotic stages can produce serious depression in the patient, a sense of abandonment, and a worsening of the medical condition.
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PMID:AIDS and drug abuse: some aspects of psychiatric consultation. 251 87

As part of a study of the possible subgroups of unipolar affective disease, 27 families were ascertained as depression spectrum disease (DSD) families. The purpose of this study was an investigation of the linkage relationships between DSD and 30 genetic markers using the robust sib-pair and lod-score methods. Using the sib-pair methods, evidence for linkage was found with orosomucoid (ORM) on chromosome 9q (p = 0.006), regardless of whether only individuals with unipolar depression, alcoholism, or antisocial personality were considered to be affected, or whether individuals with any psychiatric disorder were considered to be affected. Weak evidence of linkage with ORM was corroborated using lod-score methods when a narrow definition of depression spectrum disease was used, although stronger evidence of linkage was found with ORM when any psychiatric disorder was considered to be affected. The maximum lod-score for ORM was 1.68 at a male recombination fraction of 0.23 and a female recombination fraction of 0.01.
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PMID:Linkage analysis of depression spectrum disease. 273 65

Symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and of psychiatric conditions reported to be related to ASPD were subjected to grade of membership analysis, a relatively new procedure for medical classification, to identify the pure types that would empirically emerge in the absence of prior assumptions about the clustering of those symptoms. The sample consists of 914 respondents who participated in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program at the North Carolina site. Symptom and diagnostic data were obtained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Seven pure types emerged from the grade of membership analysis. Two pure types closely resemble the DSM-III portrait of ASPD. Two other pure types consisted of alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms and indicators of illicit drug use for recreational purposes. Only two of the symptomatic pure types were common among women. The first of these was characterized by marital instability, other domestic problems, and employment difficulties; as such this type resembles the DSM-III description of borderline and/or histrionic personality disorder. The other female pure type was characterized by multiple symptoms of depression and selected symptoms of other axis I disorders. The final pure type was characterized by an absence of psychiatric symptoms and served as a comparison group against which the symptomatic pure types were compared.
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PMID:Antisocial and related disorders in a southern community. An application of grade of membership analysis. 276 46

Early studies examining the relationship of personality disorders to opiate addiction attempted to define an "addictive personality." Later research found that personality disorders in opiate addicts were common but heterogeneous. We examined whether different comorbid personality disorders have prognostic specificity. Rates of depression and alcoholism as well as assessments of specific problems were measured in a 2.5-year follow-up of 150 treated opioid addicts. Using DSM-III criteria, we found that borderline personality disorder predicted more depressive disorders and alcoholism at follow-up; yet greater recovery from these disorders was seen. Borderline patients had more severe psychiatric problems as measured by the Addiction Severity Index. Other ASI outcomes differed by personality disorder; antisocial addicts had more legal problems, and narcissistic addicts had more medical problems. These results suggest that treatment for opiate addicts be tailored to the specific needs of the patients, which can be predicted, in part, by their comorbid personality disorder diagnosis.
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PMID:Personality disorders in opiate addicts show prognostic specificity. 279 5

The psychometric properties and validity of the DSM-III and DSM-III-R definitions of melancholia were examined in 60 depressed inpatients. The prevalence of melancholia was significantly higher according to the DSM-III-R criteria, and the kappa-coefficient of agreement between the two definitions was .40. For both criteria sets, the internal consistencies and item-scale correlations were low. Both definitions were associated with overall symptom severity and the melancholia symptom subscale; however, only DSM-III melancholics scored higher on the nonmelancholia symptom subscale. The DSM-III-R criteria were associated with more of the predicted correlates of endogenous subtyping. According to both definitions, melancholics were characterized by less stress, greater symptom severity, and less frequent nonserious suicide attempts prior to admission. The DSM-III-R melancholic subtyping was additionally associated with a family history of antisocial personality and substance abuse, presence of a premorbid personality disorder, age, and a tendency to blame others for the depression.
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PMID:Diagnostic criteria for melancholia. The comparative validity of DSM-III and DSM-III-R. 293 Mar 32

Men with primary and secondary unipolar major depression were divided into those with and without antisocial personality (ASP). The ASP depressives had a higher rate of alcoholism than the nonASP depressives, and among the nonASP depressives, those with drug abuse had a higher rate of alcoholism than those without drug abuse. The course of depression appeared to be related to the presence of nonaffective psychopathology. Depressed men with additional nonaffective disorders had fewer, but larger episodes than depressed men without, and depressed men with alcoholism had a higher risk of suicide. Our results confirm the close association of alcoholism and ASP and highlight the importance of recognizing nonaffective syndromes in the depressed patient.
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PMID:Alcoholism in antisocial and nonantisocial men with unipolar major depression. 293 59

Therapists are only now just beginning to clear a way through the jungle of personality disorder and any recommendations about drug treatment have to be tentative and, to some extent, speculative. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to conclude that drug treatment, mainly in the form of antipsychotic agents, should be considered in borderline and antisocial personality disorders and also possibly in the schizotypal group. There is also growing evidence that two drugs used in the treatment of manic-depressive psychosis, lithium and carbamazepine, may have independent effects in controlling aggression and impulsiveness and be of value of borderline and antisocial personality disorders. In histrionic and dependent personality disorders, drug treatment is in general contraindicated and for the remaining group our ignorance of the possible benefit of the drugs is almost total. However, the negative effect of these personality disorders on response to treatment in the presence of depression, anxiety, and other abnormal mental state disorders suggests that drug treatment probably has little part to play in management of these particular personality disorders. A major deficiency in our knowledge, which can only be remedied by long-term studies that are extremely difficult to mount, is the recommended duration of treatment with drugs in personality disorder. No guidelines exist at present but now that some measure of efficacy has been established duration of treatment needs to be addressed.
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PMID:Pharmacological treatment of personality disorders. 306 4

This study examined the association among suicide attempts, parental alcoholism, psychopathology and drinking history in a sample of hospitalized alcoholics. Suicide attempters were found to have multiple psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., depression, antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse) and more severe psychiatric symptoms than nonattempters. Alcoholic suicide attempters also tended to have a parental history of alcoholism and began abusing alcohol at an early age. Alcohol abuse symptoms during the month before, and 6 months before, the current hospitalization were generally similar for suicide attempters and nonattempters. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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PMID:Suicide attempts and alcoholism. 321 47

Association and linkage relationships between alcoholism and 30 polymorphic marker loci were studied in a total of 42 families: 27 families originally collected as part of a study on depression spectrum disease, 14 previously reported families with depression spectrum disease, and 1 family with familial alcoholism. Since heterogeneity within a sample can confound genetic linkage analysis, obscuring linkage relationships, alcoholism was studied in these families as a disorder unrelated to depression or antisocial personality. No allelic associations were found to be significant after allowing for the multiple tests. In a sib-pair linkage analysis, significant differences between the mean proportion of genes identical by descent in concordant and discordant sib pairs were found for the esterase-D (ESD) marker locus (p less than or equal to .01). This suggested that a linkage may exist between a gene for alcoholism and the ESD locus on chromosome 13q. Lod score linkage analysis yielded odds in favor of linkage to ESD of 44 to 1, most of the information relevant to linkage residing in a single family in which three offspring were classified as alcoholic and five were not.
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PMID:Possible linkage between alcoholism and esterase-D. 321 52


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