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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The responses of men and women alcoholics to the Defense Mechanism Inventory showed that the women scored significantly higher in "turning against self" and the men in "turning against others." Although such differences may underlie reported sex differences in the incidence of depression and sociopathic personality disorder, they have also been found in studies of nonalcoholics and psychiatric outpatients.
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PMID:Defense mechanisms in men and women alcoholics. 23 86

By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
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PMID:Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. 32 25

Depression spectrum disease is an unipolar depressive illness in which at least one member of the family has unipolar depression and at least one other first degree relative has alcoholism and/or antisocial personality; using this definition, 14 depression spectrum disease families are studied. Assuming, among other things, that variability in age of onset is environmentally caused and lognormally distributed, segregation analysis shows that the data are compatible with the dichotomy of 'affected' versus 'not affected' being due to an autosomal dominant gene. A simple environmental hypothesis in which the transmission of the illness does not depend upon the parents' type could be rejected (p less than 0.001). Linkage analysis is performed by the method of maximum likelihood, taking the best fitting Mendelian model found in the segregation analysis. The results show virtually no evidence of linkage between depression spectrum disease and C3, but suggestive evidence (lod score = 1.03) of linkage between depression spectrum disease and alpha-haptoglobin (both these linkages were previously suggested by significant results in sib-pair analyses).
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PMID:Possible linkage between alpha-haptoglobin (Hp) and depression spectrum disease. 43 98

Personality studies have consistently indicated a high prevalence of both psychopathy and depression among chronic alcoholics. This study examined the relationship of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria (MMPI) to reported alcohol consumption and abuse (MAST scores) in a normal population of 18--21 year-olds. Both depression and psychopathy were positively related to frequency of consumption whereas hysteria was not. Separate analyses of the data were conducted by sex. Psychopathy and depression were positively related to consumption among males but not among females. Hysteria was positively related to consumption among females but not among males. Regarding abusive drinking, both depression and psychopathy were related to MAST scores among females whereas only psychopathy was among males. Hysteria was unrelated to MAST scores among both sexes. These results support the hypothesis that different psychological processes are involved in the drinking behavior of males and females. The results also underscore the importance of distinguishing simple consumption from abuse. Within the male and female groups, those personality variables related to consumption were not necessarily related to abuse and vice versa.
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PMID:Relationships of subclinical depression, psychopathy and hysteria to patterns of alcohol consumption and abuse in males and females. 55 18

In a group of 191 women admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital for depression over a 45-year period and selected on the basis of alcoholism or antisocial personality, vs. depression, in a parent, 105 probands fit into the depression spectrum group (parental alcoholism or antisocial personality) and 86 into the pure depression group (parental depression). Few differences were found between the presenting clinical pictures (including precipitating factors) of the two groups; but depression spectrum patients and pure depressive patients showed study differences in the areas of personal problems and personality as well as course of illness. The depression spectrum patients were significantly less likely to have loss of interest in usual activities as a symptom at index admission. They were significantly more likely to have had a history of sexual problems, to have been divorced or separated before, to have been described as irritable, and to report having previously been depressed. They are nonetheless significantly more likely to recover completely and have no relapse of depression. The pure depression group were significantly more likely to have depressed sisters, and suicide was much more frequent in their ill parents. Thus, important personality and course differences separate depressive spectrum disease from pure depressive disease;
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PMID:Depression spectrum disease versus pure depressive disease. Clinical, personality, and course differences. 56 91

Depression spectrum disease has been defined as an illness in which a first-degree family member has alcoholism and/or antisocial personality. Pure depressive disease may be considered as the remainder of the depressive illnesses or more rigorously as depression in a person who has a family history of depression but no alcoholism. Evidence is presented that the course of the illness is different in the two groups. Depression spectrum disease is more variable, with more personality problems and interpersonal conflict. Preliminary data indicate that depression spectrum disease may be linked to such genetic markers as C3 or alpha-haptoglobin.
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PMID:Unipolar depression: is it divisible into autonomous subtypes? 76 Jun 96

Genetic linkage was studied in depression spectrum disease, a subgroup of unipolar depressive illness defined by presence of familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality, using a version of the sib pair method of Penrose. Rigorous research diagnostic criteria were used and the diagnoses were made blind, i.e., without knowledge of the genetic marker results. Possibility of linkage was suggested (p less than 0.005) with the alpha-haptoglobin (alpha-Hp) and third complement component (C3) loci. However, the likelihood that these two markers are not on the same chromosome, and the limitations of the sib pair method, permit these findings to be treated as suggestive only and indicate that these two promising markers should be investigated further, using a more definitive method of linkage detection such as the lod score method.
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PMID:A linkage study of depression spectrum disease: the use of the sib-pair method. 79 55

A melancholic-schizophrenic mixed psychosis is described in a 64-year-old man. It was diagnosed as a 'rigid (or catatonic) involutional depression' (Medow, 1922), showing besides hypochondriacal, nihilistic and micromanic delusions, a transient delusional syndrome of 'Delirium metabolicum' (Mendel, 1902), with zo-anthropy. An attempt was made to avoid the differential diagnostic classification of that clinical picture into involutional melancholia (296.0) and paranoid psychosis of involutional age (197.1) which, as in so many psychoses of the older age groups, is quite inadequate. Thus the psychopathological phenomena of the psychosis, which after all are the only reliable data, were attributed on the one hand to the senile deterioration and slight but demonstrable arteriosclerosis of the brain, and on the other hand, to the conspicuous premorbid characteristics which correspond to an anankastic psychopathy with a depressive-inadequate basic mood. It was considered as likely that the Delirium metabolicum represented an exogenous (organic) psychotic syndrome, and that the precipitation of the psychosis as well as its development into an enfeebled endstate was due to an organic brain lesion, while the catatoniformpsychomotor phenomena and the melancholic stupor were crystalisations of traits in the premorbid personality.
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PMID:[Delirium metabolicum and rigid involutional depression in older age]. 120 91

The methods and results of some recent family, twin and adoption studies of childhood behaviour disorders, crime, alcoholism, psychopathic personality and neurosis are briefly described. The data of Slater (1938) on the parents and children of manic-depressives are reanalysed. Bipolar affective illness were more frequent in the families of bipolar than unipolar probands. There was no support for sex-linked inheritance in either group or for further genetic subdivision of the unipolar group according to age of onset or alcoholic or psychopathic family history. It is suggested that for the time being we may have to be satisfied with three broad and aetiologically overlapping clinical types of depression: bipolar, unipolar and reactive.
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PMID:Some recent developments in psychiatric genetics. 122 Jun 44

In this prospective, 1-year study, 360 males admitted to an inpatient alcoholism treatment program were administered a DSM-III compatible structured interview and subtyped by co-occurring psychiatric disorder. Forty percent satisfied diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence while 27% met criteria for alcohol dependence and one additional psychiatric syndrome. The dually diagnosed patients were divided into: alcohol dependence plus drug abuse, alcohol dependence plus antisocial personality and alcohol dependence plus depression. These subtypes were compared on multiple dimensions at intake and at 1-year follow-up. At follow-up, all groups showed significant improvement in drinking and psychosocial functioning. The results suggest that subtyping alcoholics by co-morbid psychiatric disorders may be a good postdictor of clinical history, but a poor predictor of drinking outcome.
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PMID:Outcomes of co-morbid alcoholic men: a 1-year follow-up. 131 61


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