Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Signs of acute hemolytic anemia developed in 4 adult horses from 2 Georgia farms 3 to 4 days after the ingestion of wilted leaves from cut red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Clinical findings included weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, and brownish discoloration of the blood and urine. Blood changes included methemoglobinemia, free plasma hemoglobin, decreased pcv, and Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. These findings plus hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Three of the 4 horses diet 5 to 7 days after ingestion of the leaves. Gross pathologic changes included generalized icterus, splenomegaly and swollen, black kidneys. Microscopic changes including tubular nephrosis with hemoglobin casts, vacuolization of centrilobular hepatocytes, and sequestration of erythrocytes in splenic sinusoids. A disease indistinguishable from the field cases was induced in a pony by the oral administration of dried, ground red maple leaves at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg. The findings of methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and Heinz bodies suggested that the toxic principle of the red maple leaf was an oxidant.
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PMID:Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves. 705 81

Inoculation of 2 groups of dogs with 1 X 10(9) and 4 X 10(9) Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae produced disease varying from transient fever to uremia and death. Clinical signs of disease in the severely affected dogs were fever, dehydration, depression, and icterus. Laboratory changes in serum of infected dogs included increased urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Chloride concentration decreased in the serum of dogs with severe disease. The icterus in the infected dogs did not appear to be related to hemolytic anemia.
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PMID:Serum biochemical changes in dogs with experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae infection. 727 Oct 27

Young chicks were fed sulfur-amino acid (SAA) deficient soy protein or crystalline amino acid diets to evaluate the relative efficacy of the D- and L-isomers of methionine and 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthiobutyrate)Ca (OH-methionine). With crystalline amino acid diets, D-OH-methionine ([alpha] D25 = +24.3) was decisively superior to L-OH-methionine ([alpha] D25 = -25.3) as a source of methionine activity. The D-isomer of OH-methionine was also much more toxic than the L-isomer as measured by magnitude of growth depression and severity of hemolytic anemia. DL-OH-methionine was intermediate in toxicity between the pure D- and L-isomers, but its efficacy for growth promotion was greater than what would have been predicted from its (equal) content of the two isomers. With methionine, the L-isomer was superior in growth-promoting efficacy to the D-isomer; DL-methionine, however, more nearly paralleled the response to L- than to D-methionine. In all cases where the crystalline amino acid diet was fed, regardless of isomeric form, methionine was vastly superior to OH-methionine as a source of SAA activity. With the soy-protein diet, on the other hand, differences in efficacy between methionine and OH-methionine were minimal, and isomeric form was of lesser consequence.
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PMID:Utilization of the D- and L-isomers of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue as determined by chick bioassay. 737 40

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a family of inherited blood disorders of variable severity which have in common haemolytic anaemia, recurrent painful crises, end-organ failure and the risk of reduced life expectancy. In Britain, the condition predominantly occurs among families of African or Afro-Caribbean origin. This study examines the effects of the condition on the psychological adjustment and family functioning of 39 children with SCD and 24 control children. Participants were assessed on measures of behaviour, depression, self-esteem, IQ and reading skills, family relationships and maternal mental health. Assessment on the Family Environment Scale showed that SCD children came from families who reported more cohesion and less conflict than did the families of controls. Maternal mental health showed no significant differences between the SCD group and controls. Children with SCD showed an IQ deficit of five points, a difference that was not statistically significant. However, a meta-analysis of six studies in the literature, including this one, did show a highly significantly decreased intellectual ability. SCD children did not show significant differences from controls on measures of depression and self-esteem. However, differences in behavioural problems were found between the three groups, with the SC group showing more behavioural problems. Results of regression analyses suggest that maternal mental health is associated with children's behavioural problems.
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PMID:Psychological adjustment and family functioning in a group of British children with sickle cell disease: preliminary empirical findings and a meta-analysis. 888 85

Responses (486) were collared from a survey of 5054 Australian veterinarians on their use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. Almost all respondents used glucocorticoids (usually prednisolone) to treat allergic, pruritic dermatoses in dogs, while two-thirds also gave fatty acid supplements and one-half used antihistamines. Almost 60% of respondents initially injected a glucocorticoid (frequently a long-acting preparation) when treating inflammatory skin diseases in dogs. More than 90% of respondents used glucocorticoids to treat immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia or thrombocytopenia, and about one-third also gave cytotoxic drugs. Administration of prednisolone on alternate days was generally favoured for long-term enteral steroid therapy. Phenylbutazone was the most preferred treatment for painful or inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders of dogs, but aspirin and pentosan polysulphate were also used widely. Regarding the use of analgesics drugs generally, both narcotic analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used more widely in dogs than in cats, but alpha-2 agonists were used similarly in both species. The most commonly used narcotic analgesics were pethidine and buprenorphine in both species, while the NSAIDs used most often were flunixin and dipyrone in dogs and ketoprofen in cats. More than 80% of respondents generally used analgesic drugs with potentially painful surgical procedures, with doses given usually before anaesthetic recovery. Analgesic use rates varied with the condition, ranging from 94% for patients with acute severe trauma, through 60% for cruciate ligament repair and 29% for perineal herniorrahphy, to about 5% for ovariohysterectomy and dog castration. The three clinical signs most frequently nominated as indicators of pain in dogs and cats were (in descending order) vocalisation, response to handling or palpating the affected area, and mental depression. Other items mentioned frequently were behavioural changes and immobility (in both species), inappetence/anorexia in cats, and altered respiration in dogs.
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PMID:Use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. 889 35

Previous studies of dopamine metabolism in iron-deficient rats demonstrated an elevation in extraneuronal levels of dopamine and a depression in the number of dopamine D2 receptors; however, the importance of anemia per se and the reversibility of these observations are not completely resolved. The purpose of this study was to determine if in vivo reuptake of caudate dopamine is altered by iron deficiency anemia, if it is reversible with iron therapy, and if anemia per se produced the same effects on dopamine metabolism. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (21-d old) were fed an iron-deficient diet (4 mg Fe/kg diet) and then iron repleted (5 mg iron dextran), or were fed an iron adequate diet (35 mg Fe/kg diet) and then given phenylhydrazine to induce hemolytic anemia. In vivo microdialysis was performed in steady-state conditions both before and after iron or no therapy and was followed by an intraperitoneal injection of a dopamine reuptake blocker (cocaine-HCl 30 mg/kg). Thirty percent higher extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen were observed in iron-deficient rats compared with control rats, but no differences were observed in tissue levels. Hemolytic anemic and iron-repleted rats had normal extracellular dopamine levels. The response to dopamine reuptake blockade was significantly attenuated in iron-deficient rats compared with control, iron-repleted, or hemolytic anemic rats. These experiments provide evidence that iron deficiency blunts the dopamine reuptake mechanism, that this is a reversible process in postweaning rats, and that anemia per se does not cause the increased extracellular dopamine levels.
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PMID:In vivo dopamine metabolism is altered in iron-deficient anemic rats. 940 75

The preferred treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C, either treatment-naive, relapsers or nonresponders to IFN monotherapy, is now IFN-ribavirin combination treatment. The adverse effects of IFN are well established and familiar to hepatologists all over the world. More than 25,000 patients worldwide have been treated with combination therapy. Patients re-treated with a combination regimen are more likely to tolerate IFN better than treatment-naive patients, probably due to better case selection. The safety profile of regimens containing IFN-alpha plus ribavirin is generally consistent with the safety profile of each agent when employed in monotherapy; there is little or no synergistic toxicity. Anorexia, dyspnoea, cough, pruritus and rash are the only adverse events reported at a consistently higher frequency with combination treatment, and are usually mild to moderate in severity and rarely result in dose reductions or discontinuation. The primary cause of dose reduction for combination therapy is haemolytic anaemia, which can be managed effectively. The most common reason for discontinuation of therapy for either type of therapy is psychiatric problems, especially depression, which seems to be closely related to the duration of treatment. In patients receiving combination therapy, anaemia and depression need close monitoring, and dose modification in some cases. Strict guidelines for dose reduction and discontinuation are essential to prevent serious adverse events. Because of the teratogenic risk from ribavirin, pregnancy is contraindicated in patients or their partners during and 6 months after treatment.
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PMID:Adverse effects and other safety aspects of the hepatitis C antivirals. 1092

End-stage liver disease due to chronic hepatitis C is the leading indication for orthotopic liver transplantation in the United States. Twenty percent to 30% of hepatitis C patients are at increased risk of developing cirrhosis, and 1% to 4% of cirrhotic patients will develop hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings warrant treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Currently, the mainstay in treatment of HCV is the use of recombinant alpha interferon, or its equivalent, in combination with the oral antiviral agent ribavirin. The major goals of therapy are clearance of the virus, achieving a noninfectious state, and halting the necro-inflammatory process that leads to fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis. End of treatment response (ETR) is biochemical and virological remission-- normalization of serum aminotransferase (ALT) and undetectable levels of HCV RNA, at the end of therapy. Sustained virological response (SVR) is defined as the absence of viremia and persistently normal aminotransferase 6 months off treatment, and is the ultimate goal of therapy. Patients who achieve SVR will have significant and persistent histologic improvement. HCV genotype, pretreatment levels of HCV-RNA (viral load), the presence of advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, gender, and age are independent predictors of response. Ribavirin is teratogenic, therefore, contraception is mandatory for both males and females during and up to 6 months after therapy. Side effects of combination therapy are dose-dependent and most commonly include symptoms of irritability, depression and fatigue, and laboratory evidences of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia.
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PMID:Hepatitis C. 1109 32

Hepatitis C is a common infection with worldwide prevalence. It has a variable course and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Until recently alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) was the only effective treatment available. Combination therapy with IFN-alpha and ribavirin has been found to be more efficacious than IFN-alpha alone. Various side effects have been ascribed to interferon, such as arthralgias, myalgias, fatigue, and gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Interstitial pneumonitis is a rare but known complication of IFN-alpha when given at a high dosage of 6 to 10 million units per day. Ribavirin is associated with dose-dependent hemolytic anemia, cough, dyspnea, rash, depression, and dyspepsia, although a potential role in interferon-induced interstitial pneumonitis has not been described. We describe a patient with an excellent clinical response of chronic hepatitis C to combination therapy with IFN-alpha at a dosage of 3 million units per day and ribavirin. The patient developed interstitial pneumonitis that resolved after discontinuation of IFN-alpha and ribavirin. Given that interstitial pneumonitis has previously been reported with high-dose IFN-alpha, this case suggests that this complication may occur with lower dosages of IFN-alpha, although a potential role for ribavirin in this disorder at present remains speculative.
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PMID:Interstitial pneumonitis in a patient treated with alpha-interferon and ribavirin for hepatitis C infection. 1167 22

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for 40% of cases of chronic liver disease in the United States and is now the most common indication for liver transplantation. Estimates suggest that 4 million people (1.8%) of the American population are or have been infected with HCV. Currently, the treatment of choice for patients with chronic HCV infection is recombinant interferon alfa with ribavirin. Pegylated interferons are a promising new development, and in combination with ribavirin, they will rapidly become the standard of care. The goals of therapy are to slow disease progression, improve hepatic histology, reduce infectivity, and reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sustained virologic response, which generally implies the absence of viremia for 6 months or more following completion of therapy, is increasingly being regarded as a cure, with evidence of slowing or even regression of fibrosis on follow-up liver biopsy. A number of factors have been shown to be predictive of a sustained response, including viral genotype other than 1, low serum HCV RNA levels, absence of cirrhosis, younger age, female gender, and shorter duration of infection. Disease severity as assessed by liver biopsy, comorbidities, and possible contraindications to therapy should be weighed in the decision to begin treatment. Counseling patients regarding transmission, natural history, and drug and alcohol abstinence also should be included in management. Close monitoring should be done during treatment for side effects of interferon, including depression and bone marrow suppression. Hemolytic anemia is the major side effect of ribavirin.
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PMID:Chronic Hepatitis C. 1169 76


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