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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A brief survey of the literature on the side effects of oral contraceptives is given. Of the many influences on laboratory results those related to (reversible) cholestasis or to a change in protein synthesis are the most important ones. A decrease of the tolerance for glucose is sometimes observed. Few of the clinical side effects attributed to oral contraceptives can be directly correlated with the pharmaceutical action of these drugs. Many so-called side effects of the pill are due to other factors such as altered psychosociological or sexual behavior, etc. However, among users of oral contraceptives there is a significant decrease in the number of benign tumors, particularly of the breast, the uterus and the ovaries. It is still an open question if this also signifies protection against cancer. Anemias due to iron deficiency are less frequent among users of the pill. According to recent studies arterial hypertension and cholecystopathies are probably directly related to oral contraceptives, but a causal relation has not been proven for migraine, headaches, depression etc. An elevated risk for vascular complications seems to be well established: there is a 4-6-fold increase of the estimated risk for venous thrombo-embolism and a 4-9-fold increase for cerebrovascular accidents among users of oral contraceptives when compared with nonpregnant women of the same age not using the pill. Oral contraceptives act as a supplementary factor of risk which may cumulate with other similar factors, such as arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight, smoking etc. Mortality due to oral contraceptives is very much 10-50 x) inferior to the one caused by delivery and the post partum state. Since the number of failures in prevention of pregnancies is less for oral contraceptives than for any other method of contraception, the overall risk of death under oral contraceptives in this age group of women is least.
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PMID:[Real and seeming side-effects of oral contraceptives with an emphasis on medical and haematological problems. Review of literature (author's transl)]. 79 Mar 74

Comparison of immunoglobulin levels of nine horses before and after infection with equine infectious anaemia (EIA) virus demonstrated a significant depression of serum IgG(T) at 2 months (P less than 0-001) and at 1 year (P less than 0-01) after infection. In contrast, the levels of IgGa were significantly increased at both times after infection. Another sixteen horses with EIA for 1-4 months were examined and there was also significant depression (P less than 0-001) of IgG(T) when compared to pre-infection levels. No significant changes in IgG(T), IgGa and IgM were noted in fourteen normal horses housed for 2-7 months in the same manner as infected horses. Following DNP immunization there was a significant (P less than 0-02) decrease in the amount of IgG(T) antibody produced in five horses with EIA when compared to five normal horses. Metabolism studies with iodinated IgG(T) showed a significant (P less than 0-001) decrease in synthesis of this immunoglobulin in EIA-infected horses when compared to normal horses. Amounts of IgGa synthesized were similar in the two groups. Thus, persistent EIA viral infection suppresses the synthesis of IgG(T), an IgG subclass, without suppressing IgGa.
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PMID:Suppression of synthesis of an IgG subclass in a persistent viral infection. 81 77

Acute normavolemic hemodilution is a mean of autotransfusion and allow hepatitis prophylaxis in major surgical procedures which general require homologous blood transfusions. The dilutional drop in blood viscosity is followed by an increased cardiac output, while blood pressure and heart rate remain stable. The CO incerase compensates for the reduced oxygen capacity of the diluted blood. Hemodilution was applied in a total of 88 patients. In 46 cases thorough circulatory and laboratory investigations were performed. While an average of 1785 ml blood was withdrawn and replaced synchronically by plasma substitutes, hematocrit was lowered to 24.8% mean and CO rose from 4.4 to 6.01 l/min. In one half of the patients side reactions were observed that occurred in combination as a syndrome in 8 patients: rise in systemic blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure, disproportional CO increase, peripheral vasoconstriction, and ST-depression in ECG. The possible pathomechanisms of these side reactions are discussed. A sympathetic adrenergic reaction could be excluded by catecholamine estimation. Hyposia may be assumed to be the more probable reason. Since severe side reactions only occured at hematocrit levels below 26%, the dilution waslimited lately to hct 27%. Patients with coronary heart disease, age greater than 70 years, and anemia less than 12 g% hgb were excepted. In 70% of major surgical procedures, e.g. colonic surgery, homologous blood becomes necessary, in 50% in the amount of 2-4 units. The corresponding blood loss of 1000-2000 ml may be compensated by acute normovolemic hemodilution and autotransfusion. In fact, only 15% of our patients required homologous blood transfusions.
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PMID:[Clinical experiences with the acute normovalemic hemodilution (author's transl)]. 96 Nov 42

Rates of glucose, glycine, and folic (pteroylglutamic) acid absorption were determined for a 30 cm jejunal segment in vivo, with a double-lumen tube perfusion system, in 10 Zambian African women with a mean haemoglobin concentration of 5-1 (3-5-9-2) g/dl. In four the anaemia was megaloblastic (due to folate deficiency) and in six hypochromic. Perfusion solutions contained (1) glucose 200 mmol/1, (2) glycine 100 mmol/1, and (3) folic acid 250 mug/1. D-xylose absorption after a 25 g oral load was determined in them, and also in 18 additional patients (11 had megaloblastic and seven either hypochromic or haemolytic anaemia). Xylose absorption tests were significantly impaired in the patients with megaloblastic compared with hypochromic or haemolytic anaemia (P less than 0-001); those with untreated megaloblastic anaemia had a greater abnormality than those who had started treatment. Mean glucose, glycine, and folic acid absorption rates were similar to those in controls, and the rates in patients with megaloblastic and hypochromic anaemia were not significantly different. Correlation between glucose absorption rate and xylose excretion was, however, significantly (P less than 0-02). If more patients had been studied it seems likely therefore that a significant impairment of glucose absorption rate in the presence of megaloblastic anaemia would also have been demonstrated. In this investigation anaemia per se did not affect glucose, glycine, or folic acid absorption rates or xylose absorption, but xylose absorption was reduced in patients with megaloblastic anaemia. That abnormality was probably related to folate deficiency, and the underlying mechanism seems to be different from that causing impairment of monosaccharide absorption in patients with systemic bacterial infections. Mean glycine and folic acid absorption rates were not altered by megaloblastic anaemia, indicating that folate deficiency does not cause a general depression of absorption.
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PMID:Absorption of xylose, glucose, glycine, and folic (pteroylglutamic) acid in Zambian Africans with anaemia. 97 99

25-yr old female identical twins of Italian-American origin concordant for sickle beta-thalassemia were studied to explain their clinical differences. One of them has been severely affected from childhood with one aplastic crisis, an earlier onset of vaso-occlusive crises, and recent cardiac decompensation; the other twin shows no cardiac decompensation. Similar are their degree of anemia, RBC indices, blood volumes, absence of splenic sequestration, depression of pO2, elevation of p50 and 2,3-DPG, hemoglobin composition, and peripheral blood globin-synthetic rates. Regarding differences, the more severely affected has a shorter 51Cr RBC life span, a greater menstrual blood loss, and is more overweight, whereas the less severely affected has functional asplenia by 99mTc scanning and a larger proportion of RBC with decreased cellular deformability. We conclude that in sickle beta-thalassemia: (1) genotype alone does not determine the clinical course; (2) significant differences in clinical course can occur with almost identical hemoglobin composition and globin synthetic rates; (3) cellular deformability changes do not correlate exactly with clinical course; and (4) functional asplenia and leanness may be advantageous.
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PMID:Sickle beta-thalassemia: identical twins differing in severity implicate nongenetic factors influencing course. 98 45

Rations containing 25% of either regular rapeseed oil (36% erucic acid), Oro rapeseed oil (1.9% erucic acid), soybean oil or a mixture of lard and corn oil were fed to chickens, ducks and turkeys. The regular rapeseed oil ration caused growth depression, increased feed conversion and anemia in all species. All the ducks and some of the chickens fed the regular rapeseed oil ration died. These dead birds were affected with hydropericardium and ascites. No deaths in the turkeys could be attributed to the regular rapeseed oil ration but some turkeys fed this ration had degenerative foci characterized by infiltrations of histiocytic and giant cells in the myocardium. Severe fatty change in the heart, skeletal muscles, spleen and kidney was found at an early age in all birds fed the regular rapeseed oil ration. Less severe fatty change but no other lesions were found in birds fed the Oro rapeseed oil and soybean oil rations.
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PMID:Pathological changes in chickens, ducks and turkeys fed high levels of rapeseed oil. 100 Apr

According to data found in the literature, children born to epileptic mothers on anticonvulsant therapy have an increased perinatal mortality rate, namely 2-3 times the average. The congenital malformations attributed to anticonvulsant drugs cannot fully account for this high mortality rate. A case is described in which a severe bleeding disorder manifested itself in successive offspring. A discussion follows in which this defect in blood coagulation in the newborn and the role played by vitamin K is considered as representing an important and preventable cause of neonatal death and morbidity. Other features of the postnatal syndrome (CNS depression, congenital heart disease, withdrawal symptoms, anemia) are mentioned in the case report. Suggested preventative measures employing vitamin K, folic acid and vitamin D are briefly discussed.
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PMID:Maternal anticonvulsants and perinatal risk. 105 21

Toxicity of cadmium in the young Japanese quail rapidly produced moderate growth depression, hypogonadism in the male, decreased bone ash, severe anemia, alterations of "indicator" tissue levels of several essential inorganic elements, and marked histological abnormalities of the duodenum, bone marrow, adrenal medulla, and esophageal mucus glands. Cadmium appeared to have direct effects on zinc and iron, particularly iron (III), by decreasing intestinal absorption of these elements. Small amounts of dietary ascorbic acid were protective against many of the adverse effects of cadmium. The young quail proved to be a useful species for these studies. The experience with cadmium may have some facets that would prove useful in further studies of the effects of ascorbic acid on the toxicity of other metals.
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PMID:Protective effects of ascorbic acid against toxicity of heavy metals. 106 Mar 97

An initial clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde has been carried out in 40 patients at dose levels of 30-4000 mg/m2 for 5 days given intravenously (iv) monthly. At 1.5 g/m2, noncumulative dose-related toxicity occurred in all patients which consisted of nausea and vomiting, local pain, alterations in coagulation mechanism, elevated partial thromboplastin time, and positive Coombs' test. No dose-limiting leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, or bleeding occurred; however, depression of the leukocyte and platelet counts, and decreased hemoglobin value were observed. The dose-limiting toxic effect was renal tubular damage with reversible acute renal failure in one of four patients who received 3000 mg/m2 iv for 5 days. Refractory hypercalcemia was controlled in three of three patients without tumor effect. Responses occurred in patients with seminoma, oat cell carcinoma, and melanoma. A starting dose of 2 g/m2 for 3 days monthly is recommended for phase II trials and a trial in lung carcinoma is now being conducted.
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PMID:Clinical phase I trial of inosine dialdehyde (NSC-118994). 110 41

Depression is among the most common of clinical conditions. Like problems such as anemia, it is not one disease, but a constellation of signs and symptoms which may occur as the result of several psychopatho-physiologic processes. This paper summarizes the recent dramatic advances in research into the neurochemistry of the major affective diseases, provides a conceptual way of viewing depressions, and summarizes current fundamentals of managment.
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PMID:Managing depression in the '70s. 111 50


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