Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty psychiatric in-patients were studied before and after five bilateral electroconvulsive treatments for major depression. There were significant memory and neuropsychological changes after treatment, and significant reductions in depression rating scores, but they did not correlate with various measures of blood pressure elevation during treatment. The importance of ECT-related amnesia is discussed.
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PMID:ECT, blood pressure changes and neuropsychological deficit. 406 6

The influence of 1 mM-L-proline on electrically stimulated release of endogenous glutamate from slices of rat frontal cortex was measured. One mM-L-proline approximates the in vitro concentration that inhibits glutamate-induced spreading depression. Also, this L-proline level has been reported to be present in brain after an intraperitoneal injection that induced amnesia in chicks. L-Proline but not D-proline exhibits an inhibitory effect on glutamate release, thus supporting the suggestion that this mechanism may play a role in memory retention and/or formation.
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PMID:L-Proline inhibition of glutamate release. 611 6

Fifty primigravidae were given either lorazepam (2 mg) or identical dummy tablets in early labour, in a randomized double-blind fashion. Analgesia (standardized at pethidine 100 mg) was given as required, and pain relief was assessed by visual analogue scale. Analgesia was significantly better in those mothers who had received lorazepam. There was a higher incidence of respiratory depression at birth in the infants in this group, although this was not statistically significant. Patients given lorazepam were all satisfied with their analgesic regimen compared with half of those given an inactive tablet. There was a higher incidence of amnesia for labour in the active group. There is a need for a similar study of the effects of other drugs which are given to supplement pethidine in labour.
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PMID:Lorazepam premedication for labour. 612 81

Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg was compared with diazepam 0.15 mg/kg intravenously in patients undergoing gastroscopy. The patients receiving midazolam were more sedated at the end of the procedure. The mean discharge times from the clinic for diazepam and midazolam patients were 85 and 102 minutes, respectively. The principal differences between the two drugs were that midazolam had a faster rate of onset, was virtually free from venous complications, provided much better amnesia (90% compared with 50%), and although the recovery time was longer with midazolam, the rate of recovery during the period of observation was faster. Neither drug caused any significant cardiorespiratory depression.
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PMID:Midazolam and diazepam for gastroscopy. 612 68

One hundred patients aged 5-13 yr were randomly allocated to four groups in a double-blind study of premedication. Drugs studied were lorazepam, diazepam and trimeprazine. A placebo group was included. All the drugs appeared satisfactory as premedicants. Lorazepam induced the most sedation immediately after surgery, but by 4 h lorazepam and diazepam appeared similar. Lorazepam produced better amnesia than the other drugs. There were no untoward side-effects and no cardiorespiratory depression in any group. Lorazepam appears a suitable premedicant for children.
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PMID:Lorazepam in children. A double-blind trial comparing lorazepam, diazepam, trimeprazine and placebo. 613 12

Subcortical dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by slowness of mental processing, forgetfulness, impaired cognition, apathy, and depression. First recognized in progressive supranuclear palsy and Huntington's disease, the concept has been extended to account for the intellectual impairment of Parkinson's disease, Wilson's disease, spinocerebellar degenerations, idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, the lacunar state, and the dementia syndrome of depression. Disorders manifesting subcortical dementia have pathologic changes that involve primarily the thalamus, basal ganglia, and related brain-stem nuclei with relative sparing of the cerebral cortex. Recent studies of neuropsychologic deficits following focal subcortical lesions also support a role for these structures in arousal, attention, mood, motivation, language, memory, abstraction, and visuospatial skills. The clinical characteristics of subcortical dementia differ from those of dementia of Alzheimer's type where prominent cerebral cortical involvement produces aphasia, amnesia, agnosia, and apraxia.
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PMID:Subcortical dementia. Review of an emerging concept. 623 97

The effects of respiratory depression and sleep induction produced by 0.1 mg/kg and 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam i.m. were examined in patients in whom urological interventions had to be performed under spinal anesthesia. The same parameters were evaluated for 0.2 mg/kg of diazepam i.m. as well as 50 mg/50 mg of pethidine/promethazine i.m. and placebo i.m. The major difference between 0.1 mg and 0.15 mg/kg body weight of midazolam was a more pronounced PCO2-increase in the group with the higher dosage. Both dosages led to anterograde amnesia in 8 or 9 of 10 patients respectively. No amnesia developed in the control groups. Respiratory depression and sleep induction occurred later with promethazine/pethidine (at 60 min) or diazepam (at 120 min) than with midazolam. Noteworthy in the Diazepam and placebo group was a hyperventilation lasting 60 and 120 min respectively. The arterial PO2 decreased in all groups during the intervention. Under midazolam, the decrease was significantly higher statistically than in the control groups during the first 60 min at both dosages. Premedication with 0.1 mg/kg i.m. of midazolam proved to be sufficient in all patients. The rapid onset of action, the sleep during the intervention and the amnesia associated with it suggest that this form of premedication is more favorable than the other procedures examined. The dosage of 0.15 mg/kg of midazolam proved to be too high: in addition to producing a stronger respiratory depression, it had the effect of rendering cooperation with some patients more difficult.
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PMID:[Respiratory and sleep-inducing effects of i.m. midazolam as premedication for regional anesthesia. Comparison with diazepam, promethazine/pethidine and placebo]. 641 33

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) is used in the treatment of depression and causes antero- and retrograde amnesia as a side effect. One of the many neurochemical effects of ECS is depletion of brain beta-endorphin and Met-enkephalin. These two opioid peptides cause antero- and retrograde amnesia also. Naloxone antagonizes the amnestic effect of ECS and of the opioid peptides. Thus, it is possible that the amnestic effect of ECS is mediated by an endogenous release of the peptides. Surgical posterior hypothalamic deafferentation, but not anterior deafferentation or fornix transection, abolishes the amnestic effect of ECS. This suggests that the hyperactivation of endogenous opioid systems by ECS that leads to amnesia is mediated by posterior ascending fibers to the hypothalamus. The relevance of these considerations to the treatment of depression merits investigation.
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PMID:Amnesia as a major side effect of electroconvulsive shock: the possible involvement of hypothalamic opioid systems. 652 15

In a prospective study of 211 outpatients undergoing cosmetic surgical procedures under local anesthesia supplemented with intravenous diazepam and morphine, patient pain response to the local anesthetic infiltration was graded and the recall of the operative experience was assessed. One hundred and fifty-five patients (73%) had either no pain response or a mild response, 41 (19%) had a moderate response, and 15 (7%) had a severe response. One hundred and eighty-seven patients (88%) had total amnesia for the local anesthetic infiltration and the operative procedure, and 183 (87%) could not recall pain, but had recall of events during surgery. There were no untoward drug reactions nor episodes of cardiorespiratory depression. We conclude that intravenous diazepam with or without intravenous morphine following triazolam, morphine, and premethazine premedication is a safe and effective regimen for outpatient surgery.
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PMID:The effectiveness of benzodiazepines and narcotics in outpatient surgery. 653 65

Four patients with subcortical lesions and either aphasia or amnesia were compared to four patients with cortical lesions and aphasia. Each patient had [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission computed tomography, language, and memory evaluations. Marked metabolic depression was found in the thalamus and caudate in all patients. The subcortical patients had only mild left-cortical changes, while the cortical patients showed marked cortical metabolic changes in the left hemisphere. Language changes were mild in the subcortical patients, while moderate to severe in the cortical patients. All patients showed severe verbal memory dysfunction. The only common abnormalities in the two groups were metabolic changes in the thalamus and severity of verbal memory dysfunction. These findings suggest a relationship between verbal memory and thalamic function.
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PMID:Comparison of metabolic rates, language, and memory in subcortical aphasias. 660 43


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