Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A reduction in immune function has been found in patients with a major depressive disorder and in persons undergoing severe life stress. This study investigated the association between increased sympathetic nervous system activity and reduced natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity in depression and Alzheimer caregiver stress. NK activity and plasma concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neuropeptide Y were measured in depressed patients (n = 19) and age- and gender-matched controls (n = 19), and in Alzheimer spousal caregivers (n = 48) and matched noncaregiver controls (n = 17). Plasma levels of neuropeptide Y, but not circulating basal levels of catecholamines, were significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated in the depressed patients and in the caregivers compared with respective controls. NK activity was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower in the depressed patients than in their controls, but not different between the caregivers and the noncaregiver controls. Circulating concentrations of neuropeptide Y, but not catecholamines, were inversely correlated (r = -0.31, P less than 0.001) with NK activity. In addition, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the significant (P less than 0.01) association between neuropeptide Y and natural cytotoxicity was independent of the relative contribution of age and basal and dynamic levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These findings suggest that increased sympathetic nervous system activity and the release of neuropeptide Y may be associated with the modulation of NK cytotoxicity.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y and natural killer cell activity: findings in depression and Alzheimer caregiver stress. 174 41

The psychological costs of providing care for a parent with Alzheimer's disease are examined, together with the consequences of depression, anxiety, guilt, and resentment in relation to the caregiver's coping style, social support, and sense of control. The use of fantasy by women as a coping mechanism was associated with greater anxiety and depression, adequate social support was somewhat more helpful for men, and a sense of control was more helpful for women.
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PMID:Caregiver burden: gender and the psychological costs of caregiving. 174 26

Clinical and neuropathologic data in 45 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were compared. Twenty-seven patients suffered from marked akinesia and rigidity (AR-type) and 18 patients from predominant resting tremor (T-type). Dementia, depression, and psychosis occurred in 26, 18, and 18 patients, respectively. Neuronal counts were performed in defined areas of the medial and lateral substantia nigra (SNM, SNL), locus ceruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The AR-type (compared with the T-type) showed higher neuronal loss of LC, SNL, SNM, and more severe gliosis, extraneuronal melanin deposits, and neuroaxonal dystrophy in substantia nigra. Demented PD patients showed more intense cortical Alzheimer lesions and higher neuronal depletion in the SNM, whereas PD subjects with moderate or marked dementia differed from mildly or not demented ones only in the higher degree of cortical Alzheimer lesions. More severe neuronal cell loss of DRN was observed in PD patients with depression. Occurrence of psychosis was not associated with any pathologic feature. Our findings indicate that some major clinical features of PD are related to distinct neuropathologic lesions.
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PMID:The neuropathologic basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. 174 81

A sample of 2573 older inhabitants living in Shanghai was investigated on the spot for screening dementia by HDS. Their scale scores on HDS ranged from 3 to 32.5, and the mean score 25.4; according to the 4-grad classification on HDS, 35.3% were classified as normal, 46.3% as borderline, 16.1% as predementia, and 2.3% as definitive of dementia. The assessment by HDS corresponded well with clinical diagnosis of dementia according to DSM-III based on clinical symptoms in 96.3% of 2573 aged. Assessment by HDS was applied to 100 older patients with clinical diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. The scale scores in 76 cases with functional psychiatric disorders and in 24 cases with organic psychosis ranged from 16 to 32.5 and 1 to 28, respectively, and the mean scale score 28.1 and 17.2, respectively. The mean scale score of those with schizophrenia was 29.9, neurosis 30, depression 28.3, SDAT 9.1, MID 15.1, and other dementia 23.6. These results demonstrate that HDS is a practical and valuable tool of assessment for epidemiological, clinical diagnosis and research work to evaluable dementing states of Chinese elderly.
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PMID:[Assessment of Hasegawa's dementia scale for screening and diagnosis of dementia in the elderly]. 175 73

At present, PET is the only technology affording the quantitative, three-dimensional imaging of various aspects of brain function. Since function and metabolism are coupled, and since glucose is the dominant substrate of the brain's energy metabolism, studies of glucose metabolism by PET of 2(18F)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) are widely applied for investigating the participation of various brain systems in simple or complex stimulations and tasks. In focal or diffuse disorders of the brain, functional impairment of affected or inactivated brain regions is a reproducible finding. While glucose metabolism is decreased slightly with age in a regionally different degree, in most types of dementia severe changes of glucose metabolism are observed. Degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type is characterized by a metabolic disturbance most prominent in the parieto-occipito-temporal association cortex and later in the frontal lobe, while primary cortical areas, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum are not affected. By this typical pattern Alzheimer disease can be differentiated from other dementia syndromes, as e.g., Pick's disease (with the metabolic depression most prominent in the frontal and temporal lobe), multi infarct dementia (with multiple focal metabolic defects), and Huntington's chorea (with metabolic disturbance in the neostriatum). In demented patients PET studies can also be applied to the quantification of treatment effects on disturbed metabolism.
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PMID:Positron emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of organic dementias. 175 42

Dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) is the most significant disease of the aging brain. Descriptive epidemiology of DAT found a constant doubling of prevalence rates every 5 years. Analytic epidemiology so far failed to reliably detect risk factors for DAT other than age. This might depend on the difficulties encountered in the clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia in the elderly, which are discussed with special reference to 1) the definition of dementia, to 2) the grading of severity of dementia, to 3) the differentiation between dementia and depression, and to 4) the differentiation between multi-infarct dementia and DAT.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological aspects of dementia in the elderly. 175 50

This article presents evidence for the reliability and construct validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). Conceptually, apathy is defined as lack of motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment, or emotional distress. Operationally, the AES treats apathy as a psychological dimension defined by simultaneous deficits in the overt behavioral, cognitive, and emotional concomitants of goal-directed behavior. Three versions of the AES (clinician, informant, and self-rated) were evaluated for 123 subjects, ages 53-85, meeting research criteria for right or left hemisphere stroke, probable Alzheimer's disease, major depression, or well elderly control. Multiple forms of reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater) were satisfactory. Several types of validity evidence are presented for each version of the scale, including the following: ability of the AES to discriminate between groups according to mean levels of apathy, discriminability of apathy ratings from standard measures of depression and anxiety, convergent validity between the three versions of the scale, and predictive validity measures derived from observing subjects' play with novelty toys and videogames. Guidelines for the administration of the AES are presented, along with suggestions for potential applications of the scale to clinical and research questions.
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PMID:Reliability and validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale. 175 29

While many features of the adrenocortical axis are unchanged with age in humans, there is a pattern of senescent hypercortisolism. This occurs basally, following threshold doses of dexamethasone, and in synergy with depression or Alzheimer's disease. An understanding of neuroendocrine aging is important, for both its gerontological implications, and determination of normative values for comparison with neuropsychiatric states. We have investigated whether aging is associated with hypercortisolism in a population of wild primates. The subjects were 108 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) that have been under long-term study of Amboseli National Park in Kenya. Animals were anesthetized by blowgun under similar circumstances that allow for determination of basal cortisol concentrations. Sixty minutes later, 5.0 mg dexamethasone was administered to each animal, and cortisol determinations were made on serum collected immediately before administration and 6 hr later. Basal cortisol concentrations rose with age (p less than 0.028; r = 0.23). This occurred in a nonprogressive manner, in that there were no differences in concentrations among the youngest three quartiles of animals, whereas animals in the oldest quartile (older than approximately 16 years) had significantly higher values. In addition, there was a significant increase in postdexamethasone cortical concentrations with age (p less than 0.01; r = 0.31). This feature emerged progressively with age in both sexes. A number of possible artifactual causes of this senescent pattern could be eliminated, including medication confound, coincident disease, and body weight. These findings suggest that hypercortisolism and glucocorticoid feedback resistance might be general features of primate aging.
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PMID:Incidence of hypercortisolism and dexamethasone resistance increases with age among wild baboons. 175 95

Organic psychosyndromes may be classified 1) by the state of vigilance (agitated or reduced), 2) by the progress in time (episodic versus progressive), 3) by the presence or absence of brain-local or vegetative accompanying phenomena, 4) by etiology. The most frequent forms are: multi-infarct-dementia and primary degenerative dementia of Alzheimer's type. We must be aware that this didactic differential diagnosis in reality mostly shows overlapping criteria. Either more to the one side or more to the other. Etiological therapy (as well "vasoactive" as "nootropic") should in most cases be combined with therapy of underlying internistic (cardiac for example) and accompanying (infection for example) symptoms. Depression as a special frequent dimension needs special attention. Furthermore there are complex therapeutic possibilities in the social, recreative, psychologic, rehabilitative, psychotherapeutic etc. field. Relatives need to be treated concommitantly. Only thus scientific as well as human implications for rehabilitation can meet.
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PMID:[The confused and the demented patient as a problem in neuro-rehabilitation. Old-age rehabilitation]. 176 14

We evaluated positron emission tomography (PET) in the differential diagnosis of depression and Alzheimer's disease. The local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRGlc) in the parahippocampal gyrus-hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were determined. The ratio of the LCMRGlc in those two regions was examined in patients with unipolar depression, bipolar depression, and Alzheimer's dementia. An analysis of variance revealed significant overall intergroup differences in values for both hemispheres. Student's t test showed significant differences in LCMRGlc for both unipolar and bipolar depression as compared with Alzheimer's dementia. These data indicate that PET may be useful in the differential diagnosis of dementia vs. depression.
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PMID:Changes in glucose metabolism in dementia of the Alzheimer type compared with depression: a preliminary report. 178 Mar 92


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