Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because alcoholism is a highly heritable condition, children of alcoholics, especially sons, are at much higher risk than the general population for developing the disorder. Furthermore, secular trends are apparent for both sons and daughters of alcoholics, such that alcoholism has become more prevalent over time, increasing the morbid risk in offspring of alcoholics. Increases in prevalence of disorders known to be associated with alcoholism, such as conduct disorder, depression, and drug abuse, have also been found in younger cohorts, as well. At the genetic level, alcoholism appears to be heterogeneous, raising the possibility that alcoholism may be a product of numerous different kinds of gene-environment interactions. Further advances in our understanding of alcoholism will come from molecular genetic studies and longitudinal studies of high-risk populations.
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PMID:Epidemiological perspectives on children of alcoholics. 175 88

Empirical and anecdotal evidence concerning the variables that mediate and moderate the relationship between parental alcoholism and child vulnerability has been used as the basis for a growing number of prevention and treatment programs for school-aged children of alcoholics. Common intervention foci include information on alcohol and alcoholism, the dynamics of alcoholic families, common social and emotional reactions (e.g., embarrassment, loneliness, guilt, depression, anger), skill building (e.g., problem solving, communication, expression of feelings), coping strategies for living in an alcoholic home, and general social and emotional support. The primary modality is a small group, which is usually time-limited. Groups are conducted in schools, community agencies, and mental health or drug treatment centers. Research on the effectiveness of several of these programs has yielded positive results with respect to a variety of psychosocial measures, although most studies share some common methodological shortcomings (e.g., lack of appropriate control groups, lack of longitudinal assessments of effects). More rigorous evaluation, as well as continued and expanded program development and outreach, is recommended.
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PMID:From prevention to treatment. Issues for school-aged children of alcoholics. 175 90

An epidemiological survey was carried out, amongst psychiatrists, general practitioners, social workers and liberal nurses, with a double aim. To determine the number of psychiatric cases followed or identified; these were classified according to DSMIII criteria (simplified for use by those interviewers little used to psychiatric jargon), essentially: dementia, depression, schizophrenia, other psychosis, other cases (neurosis, substance abuse, alcoholism). Another aim was to determine how the psychiatric care facilities were perceived and used by the person's interviewed. The results reveal a lack of information on their part, despite pst information given by us (systematic misappreciation?); as well as the lack of a desire to collaborate: the practitioners address their patients to the public health service (and preferentially for full-time hospitalisation) when they feel the case is beyond them.
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PMID:[Results of an epidemiological survey conducted with psychiatrists, general practitioners, liberal nurses and social workers in a mental health sector]. 176 81

The co-occurrence of alcoholism and depression was examined in 201 opioid addicts and their 877 first-degree relatives using direct interviews and structured family history based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) method. Familial alcoholism was more frequent in alcoholic than nonalcoholic proband addicts, and primary depression was more frequent in relatives of depressed than nondepressed addicts. An association was suggested between secondary, but not primary, depression and alcoholism in females.
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PMID:Alcoholism and depressive disorders in opioid addicts and their family members. 177 79

This study tested the hypothesis that Essential Alcoholics (n = 15) develop a more severe form of alcoholism than Reactive Alcoholics (n = 12). VA alcoholic patients were classified as Essential or Reactive Alcoholics, using the Rudie-McGaughran questionnaire, and tested on four neuropsychological tests, the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, Tarter's Hyperactivity/Minimal Brain Dysfunction questionnaire, and Latcham's Measure of Antisocial Behavior. While the two groups did not differ in age, education, or Family History of alcoholism. Essential Alcoholics had an earlier age of onset and a longer chronicity of alcoholism. After analysis of covariance was used to control for group differences in age of onset and chronicity, Essential Alcoholics were still significantly higher on depression and significantly more impaired on five subtests of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale: global measure, total items, general, learning-verbal, and frustration. Nonsignificant group differences, in the expected direction, were found for the Shipley Mental Age and Tarter's questionnaire. These results suggest that Essential Alcoholics have higher depression scores and greater impairments in neuropsychological functioning than Reactive Alcoholics.
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PMID:Differences between essential and reactive alcoholics on tests of neuropsychological functioning and affect. 179 80

Presented is a suicide attempt with an enormous amount of food in a young female affected with Anorexia mentalis of symptomatic alcoholism. Reacting to a conflict situation with her boyfriend, in a fit of anxiety and depression on a principal of a "short circuit reaction" she took an uncontrollably large amount of food. After an attempt of gastric lavage which was unsuccessful, a laparotomy and gastrotomy was carried out because of vital reasons. Eight kilograms of various types of undigested food and mushy contents were removed from the stomach. The surgical treatment lasted for 26 days, and treatment was resumed at the department for neuropsychiatry and the patient was released to go home as recovered after 84 days of treatment. The authors have presented this case as a very rare suicide attempt, because they have not found a description of a suicide attempt with food in domestic nor available world literature.
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PMID:[A case of attempted suicide with an enormous quantity of food]. 180 71

Even though the DST has not proved successful as a marker for depression, it has stimulated a considerable amount of research into the interaction between neuroendocrine function and mood states. With the objective of perfecting the DST methodology, investigators have explored the interaction between dexamethasone plasma concentrations and cortisol response, and have found that there is a significant inverse correlation between dexamethasone concentrations and cortisol concentrations. Although this relationship is one of the factors that affects cortisol response in depressed patients, it usually explains less than 20 percent of the variance of cortisol response. One can only conclude that the affective state explains a certain amount of the remaining variance. Dexamethasone plasma concentrations may be altered by a variety of drug and disease interactions. Many enzyme inducers, including phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital, increase dexamethasone CL, but some drugs that might be expected to alter dexamethasone CL, such as cimetidine and tobacco smoke, do not affect it. Any disease that causes hepatic dysfunction could be expected to decrease dexamethasone CL, whereas renal failure may increase dexamethasone CL. Neither Cushing's syndrome nor congenital adrenal hyperplasia appear to alter dexamethasone CL. Alcoholism has a dual effect on the DST. Chronic alcohol abuse may cause a cushingoid state, which could interfere with the DST interpretation. Also, chronic alcohol use may result in hepatic dysfunction, or an induction of P-450 enzymes. As a result of these different actions, alcohol could result in either an increase or decrease in dexamethasone CL. Studies of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics conducted in depressed patients are few, but they generally agree that DST nonsuppressors exhibit an increased dexamethasone CL when compared with suppressors. The only two studies to investigate this population longitudinally report somewhat contradictory results; one study reports an increase in dexamethasone CL following recovery from depression, and the other a decrease. Since only one of the studies was conducted using intravenous dexamethasone, differences in bioavailability might explain some of the differences in results between the two studies. In spite of the unresolved questions, these studies have stimulated research into an entirely new area: the possibility that affective diseases may alter the pharmacokinetics of some drugs.
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PMID:The impact of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics on the DST: a review. 181 2

The male-dominated medical establishment continues to make health promotion policies for women. Women must have access to a more accurate information base about women's health and the link between their health and socioeconomic roles. They must be full partners in formulating and implementing health promotion strategies. Yet, such a database does not exist due to systemic bias in research. For example, research shows alcoholism affects men and women differently, but prevention and treatment strategies and evaluation of their outcomes do not take this into account. Further, men do not understand subjective aspects of female conditions. In addition, even though women provide most care in our society, health promotion policies do not incorporate their knowledge. Moreover, care of the sick can damage the health of the care giver. Statistics on women's health are lacking, e.g., exhaustion and depression as consequences of child care and housework, especially among poor women. Developed countries continue to use maternal mortality as a means of measuring reproductive hazard, but maternal death is a rarity. In fact, a reproductive mortality rate would be more applicable, which would include deaths from abortions, pregnancy, and contraception. Besides, birth control has real disadvantages, e.g., a painful medical procedure is needed to insert IUDs and they increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Paid employment has positive and negative effects depending on whether women are alone or have a partner and have children, their income, and educational level. Women in industry face considerable health hazards, e.g., textile workers at increased risk of several lung diseases. Appropriate expenditure on health and social services and sound economic policies at the central level will benefit women's health. Besides, when society values and supports all aspects of women's work and roles, women's health will achieve its potential.
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PMID:Promoting women's health. 181 41

In an interdisciplinary study starting 2.5 years ago patients with various symptoms, which they associate with amalgam fillings, were examined. According to the first results of this study with 50 patients, the Hg-concentration in urine does correlate with the amount of amalgam fillings before and after taking DMPS (2,3-Dimercapto-1-propane-sulfonic-acid), but with a maximum of 66.4 micrograms Hg (24 h urine) the amounts of mobilization measured were significantly below toxicologically critical limits. Only in 3 patients did the individual immunological values (CD4/8 ratio, antinuclear antibodies) by far exceed standard values. In one case an allergy to amalgam is suspected. 40% of the patients showed a pathological psychiatric status (neurosis, depression, etc.). Another quarter had psychological problems like alcoholism or drug abuse. There is no reason at the moment to reject amalgam as filling material either because of the measured Hg-concentrations or because of any immunological or allergological findings.
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PMID:[Adverse side effects of amalgam? An interdisciplinary study]. 181 25

Forty-one patients with DSM-III alcohol dependence syndrome were studied, as were 30 patients with major depression and 20 healthy controls. Nineteen of the alcohol-dependent patients had depressive symptoms. All subjects underwent a TRH/TSH stimulation test. Fifty percent of the alcohol-dependent patients without depression had a blunted response, while 52% of patients with depression were similarly blunted. The overall rate of blunting in the non-alcoholic major depressives was 26%. Blunting in the alcoholics was not associated with a personal or family history of affective disorder. Furthermore the blunted response in recently detoxified alcoholics was of no prognostic significance.
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PMID:Serum thyrotropin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in alcohol-dependent patients with and without depression. 182 38


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