Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prescribing of anxiolytics is often a hit-and-miss process. Current knowledge is examined to encourage a more rational use of such drugs. Because the common symptoms occur in a great array of illnesses, diagnosis is of first importance. For the transient situational disturbance drugs may be unnecessary or may be used merely for a day or two. If the anxiety state persists for a month or so the illness might be termed an anxiety neurosis and if there is no accompanying depression, a short course of benzodiazepine may be of value. With depression present to more than a mild degree as part of the neurosis the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin usually achieves better results than a benzodiazepine. Imipramine can be helpful for the phobic anxiety syndrome and monoamine-oxidase inhibitors can be of separate utility. If the anxiety and depression occur in the context of alcoholism, thioridazine and amitriptyline have certain advantages. There is very little place for phenothiazines or other antipsychotic agents in low doses in the therapy of anxiety except for thioridazine in the above indication.
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PMID:The rational use of anxiolytics. 0 50

We reviewed all Mayo Clinic case histories in which a diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia or dyskinesia might have been recorded during the years 1965 through 1973 and interviewed 18 consecutive patients in the Department of Psychiatry and Psychology. Among the histories and patients, we found a high incidence of primary affective disorders. Four of the five men had a history of chronic alcohol abuse and symptoms of depression. We recommend that people who have primary affective disorders and chronic alcohol abuse with depression should be given antipsychotic medication, stimulants, or diazepam only after extremely careful consideration.
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PMID:Tardive dyskinesia: relationship with a primary affective disorder. 1 34

In a double-blind study in chronic alcoholics melperone (Buronil) was shown to significantly improve muscular and nervous tension, emotional lability, somatization, ability to sleep, anxiety, depression, paranoid ideation and presumed ability to work, but had no effect on alcoholic craving. The results received from three rating scales, and the theoretical aspects of alcoholism are discussed.
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PMID:A double-blind study of melperone and placebo in hospitalized chronic alcoholics in postintoxication phase. 3

This study attempted to replicate previous work which used discriminant analysis to predict attrition from an outpatient alcoholism treatment program. The MMPI-168 and Rotter's locus of control scale were administered to a sample of inpatient male alcoholics who later entered outpatient treatment. The MMPI-168 was scored using 5 factor-analytically derived measures, Depression, Somatization, Low Morale, Psychotic Distortion and Acting Out. Both studies found Depression to be the strongest predictor of attrition after controlling for Somatization. Internal locus of control was also related to attrition. The utility of discriminant analysis in predicting outcome from personality data and the ramifications for treatment is discussed.
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PMID:The use of multivariate personality strategies in predicting attrition from alcoholism treatment. 21 68

A total of 24 patients (20 men and 4 women) were treated for varying degrees of alcoholism. Tiapride was administered orally as 300 to 600 mg/day to 22 patients, the other two cases receiving i.v. injections followed by oral doses. Tiapride was extremely well-tolerated and no side-effects were noted. Withdrawal symptoms were effectively reduced, and a significant action was noted against tremor. Tiapride was also effective against depression and anxiety, and hallucinations disappeared in two cases.
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PMID:[Treatment of alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a clinical study (author's transl)]. 22 18

Ethanol through its primary catabolite, acetaldehyde, competitively inhibits oxidation of aldehyde dehydrogenase substrates. As a consequence biogenic amines form increased quantities of alcohols rather than the corresponding acids. During this biotransformation, condensation reactions between deaminated and intact amines may occur which can yield tetrahydropapaverolines. These compounds are closely related to precursors of opioids which is cause to link ethanol abuse to morphine addiction. There is, however, no pharmacological or clinical evidence suggesting similarities between ethanol dependence or opiod addiction. Acetaldehyde plays an additional role in alkaloidal formation in vitro. Biogenic amines may react with acetaldehyde to form isoquinoline or carboline compounds. Some of these substances have significant pharmacological activity. Furthermore, they may enter neural stores and displace the natural neurotransmitter. Thus, they can act as false neurotransmitters. Some investigators believe that chronic ethanol ingestion leads to significant formation of such aberrant compounds which may then upset autonomic nervous system balance. This disturbance may explain the abnormal sympathetic activity seen in withdrawal. While these ideas about the etiology of alcohol abuse have a definite appeal, they are naturally based on in vitro preliminary work. Much study of the quantitative pharmacology of these compounds in animals is required before judgement can be made as to the merits of the proposed hypotheses. In the meantime, pharmacological studies on the ability of ethanol to depress respiration in the mouse has revealed that unlike opioids or barbituates, respiratory depression induced by ethanol requires the presence in brain of serotonin. This neurotransmitter also mediates the respiratory effects of several other alcohols but curiously, not chloral hydrate, yet this compound is purported to alter biogenic amine metabolism much like ethanol. Thus, the response to ethanol can be pharmacologically separated from other major narcotic classes such as opioids and barbiturates by respiratory depression effects. The specific requirement for serotonin mediation exhibited by ethanol and several other alcohols opens the door for a rational therapeutic approach to the treatment of alcohol abuse. At the same time, this finding tends to lessen the probability that alcoholism is in some way connected with the formation of addictive alkaloids.
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PMID:Interaction of biogenic amines with ethanol. 23 68

The indigenous behavioural health programme for Aborigine and Islander Community of the Townsville area was belatedly funded and has recently been expanded. An additional group of five behavioural health technicians have been trained to provide broadened services emphasizing alcoholism counselling and community based activities. Evaluation of the programme indicates a considerable increase in the utilization of mental health services by the community as compared to utilization prior to the behavioural health service. Self-referrals account for 40% of the cases. Referrals from the centre's physician and from family account for much of the others. Problems seen are multiple, often both of personal-emotional and of a social service nature. Alcoholism, family-material child-school problems, anxiety and depression were frequent emotional problems. Issues as to whether or not such indigenous programmes should rather deal with social problems or physical health are discussed.
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PMID:Mental health services by and for Aborigines and Islanders: a follow-up report. 27 74

By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
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PMID:Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. 32 25

Two cases of early ulcerative syphilis observed in the city of La Plata, Argentina, in the last 13 years are presented. Cases n.o 1, classified as Queyrat type, was in a previously bad general condition, due both to excessive smoking and alcoholism and showed a classic blood serologic test, that was slightly reactive. Case n.o 2, Milian type, presented a previously excellent general condition. The classic blood serologic test and FTAabs. were strongly reactive. It showed only a significant depression of cell immunity, with regard to the bacterial cutaneous proofs (bacterial skin-tests) carried out "in vivo". In both cases the clinical aspect was similar, with ulcerative necrotic lesions and affectation of the general condition which coincided with the outbreak of those lesions. The response to treatment was good, with rapid improvement of the general condition while the improvement of the skin lesions was slower and occurred only within 3 weeks.
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PMID:[Early or malignant ulcerative syphilis. Considerations apropos of 2 cases. Bibliographic analysis]. 35 59

Twelve children with severe chronic behavior disorders who benefited from treated with lithium carbonate over an extended period of time (6 to 33 months) are described. Behavioral features common to all included hostility, aggressiveness, and distractibility. Nine had cyclic mood swings, with periods of withdrawal and periods of manic excitement; six of these had neurovegetative disorders. These nine children may have manic-depressive disease of childhood. Three children had no cyclic symptoms, though their hostile and aggressive behavior was similar to that of the cyclic group; they responded similarly to lithium. Family histories were strongly positive for manic-depressive disease, depression, and alcoholism. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in four patients supported the specific behavioral effect of lithium.
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PMID:Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness. 35 72


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