Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) was measured in two prospectively evaluated groups of homosexual men in 1983 and 1985. Serum beta 2-M was raised in 64% of patients with HIV infection, but in only 6.7% of uninfected homosexuals. Depression of the total lymphocyte count was only clinically useful when it reached less than 1.0 X 10(9)/l. In further studies all patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC) had raised levels of serum beta 2-M. Mean levels of beta 2-M did not differ between patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Raised serum levels of beta 2-M accompanied major immune dysfunction in HIV infection. Serum beta 2-M levels of greater than 3.0 mg/l in HIV-infected homosexual men were associated with progression to AIDS.
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PMID:Serum beta 2-microglobulin and human immunodeficiency virus infection. 313 78

Although the medical and psychosocial problems posed by acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are unique, interventions to treat AIDS-related psychiatric disorders are currently available. The depression, delirium, and denial that occur in medically hospitalized patients with AIDS respond to standard psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological approaches. Outpatients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex benefit from clarification, abreaction, and support if the therapist accepts the regression associated with the sick role, focuses initially on somatic rather than on psychological concerns, and overcomes unwarranted fears of contagion. Patients with AIDS-related dementia are helped considerably by early diagnosis and planning, and patients with antibodies to the AIDS virus require a psycho-educational approach that includes stress inoculation and problem-solving techniques. The authors describe the above interventions as well as common countertransference responses that impede their implementation.
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PMID:Psychiatric interventions for AIDS-spectrum disorders. 353 Sep 57

Because HIV may alter the production of inflammatory factors produced by monocytes, the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), tissue factor (TF), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6 was evaluated in 47 HIV-seropositive persons and seronegative control subjects. RNA was extracted from freshly isolated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated or unstimulated monocytes. Cytokine and TF expression was quantitated by dot blot hybridization or a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A significant depression of TF mRNA was observed in LPS-stimulated monocytes (66% less in AIDS, 20% less in AIDS-related complex (ARC), and 0% less in asymptomatic patients), whereas normal responses were observed for TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6. When constitutive expression was measured in unstimulated monocytes by RT-PCR, a differential pattern was also observed. TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta were positive in 85% of asymptomatic persons, compared with only 27% of ARC and 42% of AIDS patients. Expression of IL-6 was observed in lower proportions, 27-30%, with no significant differences among disease states. All samples were negative for TF. Thus, the regulation of inflammatory molecules is differentially altered in individuals with HIV infection. TF is preferentially down-regulated, compared with TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6, in LPS-stimulated monocytes as patients progress to AIDS. TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are preferentially up-regulated, compared with IL-6 and TF, in unstimulated monocytes in asymptomatic persons, with a loss of up-regulation as patients progress to AIDS.
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PMID:Dysregulation of cytokine expression in monocytes from HIV-positive individuals. 808 6

The psychological repercussions in drug abusing individuals of their participation in non-treatment residential drug abuse research protocols have been uncertain. To study this, the average raw scores of the Symptom-Check List-90 Revised (SCL-90R) at the time of recruiting and discharge (40.2 +/- 15.6 days later) was studied at the Addiction Research Center of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA-ARC), in Baltimore, Maryland, in a sample of 233 drug abusers seeking no treatment. There was significant reduction in symptomatology (p < .01) between recruiting and discharge for Obsessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Phobic Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and Total Scores. These findings suggest that participation of drug abusers in non-treatment residential studies is safe and may improve their psychological status, which may be a therapeutic outcome of disengaging individuals from their drug environment and offering a safe and structured milieu.
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PMID:Reduction of psychopathology among individuals participating in non-treatment drug abuse residential studies. 820 78

The effect on immunologic and virological parameters of up to 24 weeks of therapy with didanosine at daily oral doses of < or = 12.5 mg/(kg.d) was studied retrospectively in 69 patients with advanced disease due to human immunodeficiency virus--i.e., AIDS or advanced AIDS-related complex--who had previously been treated with zidovudine. Patients entered the study with a low CD4 cell count (median, 39/microL) and with evidence of an ongoing depression of bone marrow function. Didanosine therapy was associated with a significant increase in CD4 counts and a prolonged decrease in serum levels of p24 antigen relative to baseline. These changes were more pronounced in the population with baseline CD4 counts of > or = 100/microL. A beneficial effect of didanosine therapy on hematologic parameters was observed in these patients, with increases during therapy of hemoglobin levels as well as white blood cell, granulocyte, and platelet counts. These responses were maximal at weeks 16-20. Further investigations are needed to establish the clinical correlates of these observations.
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PMID:Longitudinal analysis of responses to oral didanosine therapy following zidovudine therapy in advanced infection with human immunodeficiency virus. 842 18

The associations between cognitive functioning, depression questionnaire results, and diagnosed psychiatric disorders were examined among 85 HIV-1 infected patients at different stages of systemic infection and 39 seronegative controls. An affective scale and a somatic scale of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used to measure depression. Psychiatric disorders before or after the diagnosis of seropositivity were evaluated. The patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection (AIDS related complex, AIDS) reported more somatic symptoms of depression than the subjects with asymptomatic infection or the controls, whereas psychological depression and psychiatric disorders were unrelated to the severity of HIV-1 disease. Psychiatric disorders diagnosed during HIV-1 disease were slightly associated with poor verbal memory only among symptomatic patients. Impaired visual memory showed an association with depressive mood and with psychiatric disorders preceding the diagnosis of seropositivity which suggests that factors other than HIV-1 may explain these subjects' poor visual memory.
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PMID:Cognitive deficits and emotional disorders in HIV-1 infected individuals. 912 87

'Craving is generally considered a significant factor in opiate addiction that is associated with drug-dependence and in relapse to drug use after treatment'-ARC expert consensus (Pickens and Johanson, Drug and Alcohol Dependence 30: 127-131). There are however difficulties in defining craving and urges to use drugs and in associating craving with drug use and relapse. Tiffany [Psychological Review 97(2): 147-168] has reviewed a considerable number of studies that associated reports of craving with consumption measures of drugs and revealed only an overall modest correlation of 0.4. These findings call into question the general assumption that subjective cravings are invariably associated with drug use. Furthermore, it led to Tiffany's provocative argument that cravings are not necessary for drug use. We have addressed these issues by using a range of complementary techniques derived from research in related fields such as the cognitive psychology of anxiety and depression, physiological response measurements and positron emission tomography (PET) neuro-imaging. Initially we developed computerized assessments to probe cognitive dysfunction in addiction that related to biased processing of automatic thoughts and beliefs about craving and drug use in opiate-dependent subjects and alcoholics. Subsequently in an attempt to develop a reliable method of inducing craving we explored an imagery-based technique that relied on the memory of craving experiences. These experiments were conducted both in opiate addicts who had achieved abstinence and in those undergoing detoxification. Finally, we have begun a study to understand the neural mechanisms of craving using imagery-based procedures at the same time as performing PET studies of regional blood flow using the O15-labelled water technique.
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PMID:Integrating the cognitive and physiological aspects of craving. 958 66

We investigated the effect of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide on depression-like behavior in socially isolated and olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) rats. Administration of CART (54-102) into the lateral ventricle (50-100 ng) or central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) (10-20 ng) caused significant decrease in immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) without influencing locomotion, suggesting antidepressant-like effect. Social isolation as well as OBX models were undertaken to produce depression-like conditions. Although isolation reared (6 weeks) rats showed significant increase in immobility time in FST, OBX animals exhibited hyperactivity (increase in the ambulation, rearing, grooming, and defecation scores) on day 14 in the open-field test. The isolation- or OBX-induced depression-like phenotypes were reversed following acute or subchronic treatment of CART, respectively, given via intracerebroventricular and intra-CeA routes. Drastic reduction in CART-immunoreactivity was observed in most cells in the paraventricular (PVN), arcuate and Edinger-Westphal nuclei of the socially isolated and OBX animals. Although the fibers in the PVN showed variable response, those in ARC and prefrontal cortex did not change. The CART-immunoreactive fibers in the locus coeruleus also showed highly significant reduction. However, dramatic increase in CART-immunoreactive fibers was noticed in the CeA in both the experimental models. The response by the cells and fibers in the periventricular area and perifornical nucleus in the OBX and socially isolated rats was variable. The study underscores the possibility that endogenous CART system might play a major role in mediating symptoms of depression.
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PMID:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide plays a role in the manifestation of depression: social isolation and olfactory bulbectomy models reveal unifying principles. 1900 67

African lungfishes (Protopterus spp.) are obligate air breathers which enter in a prolonged torpor (aestivation) in association with metabolic depression, and biochemical and morpho-functional readjustments during the dry season. During aestivation, the lungfish heart continues to pump, while the skeletal muscle stops to function but can immediately contract during arousal. Currently, nothing is known regarding the orchestration of the multilevel rearrangements occurring in myotomal and myocardial muscles during aestivation and arousal. Because of its universal role in cardio-circulatory and muscle homeostasis, nitric oxide (NO) could be involved in coordinating these stress-induced adaptations. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy on cardiac and skeletal muscles of Protopterus annectens (freshwater, 6months of aestivation and 6days after arousal) showed that expression, localization and activity of the endothelial-like nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) isoform and its partners Akt and Hsp-90 are tissue-specifically modulated. During aestivation, phospho-eNOS/eNOS and phospho-Akt/Akt ratios increased in the heart but decreased in the skeletal muscle. By contrast, Hsp-90 increased in both muscle types during aestivation. TUNEL assay revealed that increased apoptosis occurred in the skeletal muscle of aestivating lungfish, but the myocardial apoptotic rate of the aestivating lungfish remained unchanged as compared with the freshwater control. Consistent with the preserved cardiac activity during aestivation, the expression of apoptosis repressor (ARC) also remained unchanged in the heart of aestivating and aroused fish as compared with the freshwater control. Contrarily, ARC expression was strongly reduced in the skeletal muscle of aestivating lungfish. On the whole, our data indicate that changes in the eNOS/NO system and cell turnover are implicated in the morpho-functional readjustments occurring in lungfish cardiac and skeletal muscle during the switch from freshwater to aestivation, and between the maintenance and arousal phases of aestivation.
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PMID:Nitric oxide synthase-dependent "on/off" switch and apoptosis in freshwater and aestivating lungfish, Protopterus annectens: skeletal muscle versus cardiac muscle. 2354 5

An immobilization stress (IS) of 1 h applied at the beginning of the dark phase is followed by a sleep rebound. During the restraint, serotonin released by the dorsal raphe nucleus within the arcuate area stimulates the availability of corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP or ACTH18-39). Three hours after the restraint, CLIP, through its hypnogenic properties, contributes to the sleep rebound that follows the IS. Here, we immunohistochemically evaluated protein expression of the immediate early gene, c-Fos and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in hypothalamic (preoptic area [POA], paraventricular nucleus [PVN], arcuate nucleus [ARC]) and brain stem (dorsal raphe [DR], locus coeruleus [LC]) nuclei involved in the acute response to stress and the subsequent stress-related sleep rebound (recovery period). Immediately after the 1-h restraint, c-Fos and p-ERK expression increased in all structures studied, particularly in PVN and LC. Three hours later, the number of p-ERK- and c-Fos-positive neurons was reduced in PVN and LC (p < 0.001) as well as in DR (p < 0.01) compared to control animals. In contrast, both c-Fos and p-ERK expression in POA neurons (p < 0.01) and c-Fos expression in ARC neurons (p < 0.001) were increased 3 h after the IS. The marked activation observed in PVN and LC nucleus immediately after the IS confirms that these structures are clearly reactive to stress. However, the high activity observed in POA and ARC neurons during the recovery period, not described to date, highlights the particular part played by these structures in the stress-related sleep rebound. An unbalance in the above processes may contribute to pathological outcomes, such as anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Expression patterns of c-Fos early gene and phosphorylated ERK in the rat brain following 1-h immobilization stress: concomitant changes induced in association with stress-related sleep rebound. 2466 3


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