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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A Thematic Aperception Test was used with 13 male and 16 female patients who were requesting A.I.D. The following main psychological reactions were found in women: anxiety and depression (fear of rejection by their family and friends; lowering the image of the husband--the donor being considered as a rival), aggression (the narcissistic woman "demands" A.I.D.; the donor is esteemed highly); mother is protective ("true" paternity comes through love of the child and the need to forget the donor). They found, in men: an inability to abandon fertility as lost (with denial of sterility); ambivalence, castration anxiety and a feeling of being excluded from the mother-child symbiosis with later acceptance of loss of fertility and (sometimes excessively) identification with the "mother". Most subjects studied were not intending telling the child about his true origin; because disclosure would be tantamount to transgressing twice over the laws of paternity and the rules against Oedipus behaviour. There is often a great difference between the ways the partners view the matter and inter-relate. We strongly recommend that psychological advice should be taken before treatment with A.I.D. is started.
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PMID:[A psychological study, using interviews and projective tests, of patients seeking anonymous donor artificial insemination]. 227 64

Scales for measuring aggressive cognitions and behaviour have mainly been administered by nursing-staff or been self-ratings. During recent years we have made an attempt to construct an observer-scale for aggression analogous to the Hamilton scale for depression. The Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale (SDAS) consists of 9 items (SDAS-9) covering outward aggression and 2 items (SDAS-2) covering inward aggression. The inter-observer reliability of the SDAS has been found adequate in terms of intra-class coefficients. In a pilot study on 82 inpatients from different centres in Denmark and Sweden the SDAS was compared to three-item scales for outward and inward aggression and to a global scale for outward aggression. The results showed that the SDAS-9 correlated positively with the other outward observer-scales, and the SDAS-2 with the other inward scale. A divergent validity was seen between the outward and inward scales, indicating that it is necessary to measure both dimensions. Preliminary ranks-according-to-frequency scores showed the following order of the nine outward items: irritability, dysphoric mood, social disturbances, nondirected verbal aggressiveness, negativism, directed verbal aggressiveness, physical violence towards staff, physical violence towards things, and physical violence towards persons other than staff.
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PMID:The development of an observer-scale for measuring social dysfunction and aggression. 228 25

The self-reports of a sample of 248 male psychiatric patients on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) were factor analyzed at the item level. Principal components analyses with both Varimax and Direct Oblimin rotations were carried out separately on 120 personality disorder items and 51 clinical symptom items. As judged by the scree test, seven factors accounted for the personality disorder items, and five factors accounted for the symptom items. The personality disorder factors were interpreted as Schizotypal, Social Introversion vs. Extraversion, Conformity, Submissive vs. Aggressive, Antisocial, Narcissism, and Hostile Aggression. The symptom factors were hypothesized to represent Depression/Anxiety, Alcohol Dependence, Suicidal Ideation, Hypomania, and Drug Dependence. Agreement with a similar analysis of the MCMI-I was close.
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PMID:Personality and symptom dimensions of the MCMI-II: an item factor analysis. 228 65

The authors studied the Personality and Aggressiveness of fifty-three cancer patients by using MMPI and the Instrument I for the Aggressiveness Measurements. The common characteristics in all of then were that they suffered solid tumors, were submitted to hospital treatments and had an absence of psychiatric illness in their personal history. Among the results that stand out most is the sensations of change that the patients experience due to their own illness, the hospitalization and the treatments which they undergo. There exists on increase of self-aggressiveness or a decrease of hetero-aggressiveness which predominates the scales of depression and social introversion, with a decrease of inner strength. In any case, the neuroticism and the dependence are increased and there are decreases in the scales of psychopathic deviation and domination. The four psychosis is staying normal, the hysteria is decreased in men and the hypochondria is increased in women. The defence mechanism that predominates are the denial and the avoidance reaction.
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PMID:[Personality and aggressiveness in cancer patients]. 233 Aug 48

Two hundred fifty four adolescents with psychiatric illnesses were evaluated in relation to alcoholism in their parents. All cases concerned underwent evaluation in Kurihama National Hospital by a psychiatrist. Those evaluated ranged from 11 to 25 years of age. The characteristic symptoms were as follows. 1. Thirty one had alcoholic parents, 48% of them came from broken families before reaching the age of 15, and 19% had mothers suffering from psychiatric illness. Many had serious family problems besides their father's alcoholism. In many cases, the psychotic symptoms started in early adolescence. 2. In an examination of psychiatric illnesses in adolescents with alcoholic parents, 36% were found to have borderline personality disorders, and 19% violence in the family. 3. Significant symptoms of psychiatric illness in adolescents with alcoholic parents were signs of aggression, violence, troubles in school, regression and convulsions. The average number of symptoms per patient was higher than in cases with non-alcoholic families. Other symptoms prevalent in adolescents with alcoholic parents were depression, anxiety, fear, delinquency and self-destructive behavior. It was apparent that severe symptoms were diverse in such adolescents. 4. Based on the above results, alcoholism in the family and borderline personality disorders in adolescents were discussed.
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PMID:[Psychiatric illnesses in adolescents of alcoholic parents]. 235 74

Because of recent anabolic steroid abuse scandals at all levels of athletic competition ranging from high school sports to the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea, the investigators closely examined the anabolic steroid use histories of 20 competitive and noncompetitive weight lifters. Steroid efficacy studies only examine the anabolic effects of individual drugs. However, these 20 steroid users consistently practiced polypharmacy. During steroid use cycles lasting between 7 and 14 weeks, athletes commonly used two or three oral agents and two long-acting injectable products. Dosages of oral preparations tended to be similar to those used in efficacy studies, whereas dosages of the long-acting injectable agents were approximately three to eight times greater than those used in controlled studies. Subjects reported significant increases in body weight and strength. In addition, mental status changes were reported that included symptoms of depression, hostility, aggression, and paranoia. Based on the pattern of anabolic steroid use currently being practiced in the United States, it is apparent that past efficacy and toxicology studies are of limited value in delineating the benefits and hazards of these drugs.
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PMID:Illicit anabolic steroid use in athletes. A case series analysis. 240 92

This article is a short review of associations between depression and suicide, and formed part of a symposium held in Munich in August 1988 to discuss toxicity in antidepressive therapy. The association between depressive disorders and suicide is well documented. The detailed characteristics of this association, however, are still under discussion. Phenomenological aspects of depression seem to be more important than nosological ones, especially associations between personality traits, aggression and depression. Differentiation of depressions into primary and secondary depressive disorders (the latter as consequences of somatic or especially other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, personality disorder, or alcoholism) can be a fruitful approach to elucidating differences in the suicide pattern of these different disorders. Recurrent depressive episodes, although they may be short, may have as severe mental symptoms as more longstanding episodes and thus partly explain suicide in nonpsychiatric as well as psychiatric populations. Ways of preventing suicide are discussed from biological and clinical perspectives.
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PMID:Depression and suicide. 240 88

Research on the relationship of diagnosis, genetics, violence, and psychological factors to suicide has changed dramatically during the past 20 years. Within this changing framework the author reviews current research, which focuses on understanding why some patients within one diagnostic category such as depression or schizophrenia commit suicide while others do not; separating genetic factors responsible for suicide from those responsible for depression; clarifying the biological correlates of suicide and aggression; and examining the psychosocial and demographic factors affecting suicide among the young and old, men and women, and various cultures and subcultures.
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PMID:Suicide: a review of new directions in research. 241 33

Any given pathological lesion produces somatic symptoms whose intensity varies widely among different patients, and in the same patient at different times. There is clinical and experimental evidence that a patient's level of symptomatic distress is amplified by four factors as follows: the thoughts he has about his symptom, the degree to which he pays attention to it, his mood, and the situational context. These factors can be used therapeutically in maximizing palliation and symptomatic relief for patients with chronic medical diseases. Discussing the causes of the patient's symptoms can be helpful, as can strategies to maximize distraction and focus the patient's attention away from his body. Aggressive treatment of anxiety and depression is indicated in chronically symptomatic patients, and behavioral interventions to alter the family's response to the patient's symptoms can also be palliative.
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PMID:Palliation and symptomatic relief. 242 60

Ever since the discovery that the classical antidepressants--tricyclics and MA oxidase inhibitors--exert an influence on central 5-HT, this neurotransmitter has been studied in depression, particularly in those forms responsive to this type of treatment. This chapter reviews the evidence in favor of a relationship between depression and central 5-HT dysfunctions. Most of the findings have been derived from patients with depression as the principal diagnosis. Some data have originated from patients suffering from a somatic illness and from depression as well. Both peripheral and central data are discussed. Although no single 5-HT-related finding in depression has so far been unequivocally established, the available evidence, in balance, justifies the tentative conclusion that disturbances in 5-HT metabolism can occur in depression. Lowered CSF 5-HIAA, the major indicator of disturbed central 5-HT metabolism in depression, has also been reported in aggression disorders, both in patients who had committed suicidal acts and in those with outward-directed aggression. The finding can not be explained by a concomitant state of depression. Rather than to discard the classical 5-HT-depression hypothesis, in favor of a 5-HT-aggression hypothesis, the hypothesis is launched that disturbances in serotonergic regulation can give rise to both mood and aggression disorders. This would provide a biological explanation for the clinical observation that those disorders frequently go hand in hand.
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PMID:Affective disorders and aggression disorders: evidence for a common biological mechanism. 242 39


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