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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Few researchers have assessed family interaction patterns associated with childhood depression, especially using observations in natural settings. We directly sampled the interaction patterns of families with depressed, conduct-disordered, mixed depressed-conduct-disordered, and comparison children ages 7-14 years in their homes during the evening meal. Observational measures were taken of positive and aversive behaviors and affect expression for both parents, the referred children, and their siblings. Results replicated previous research showing that conduct-disordered children express high levels of aversive behavior and anger and are part of a family system marked by conflict and aggression. The depressed children were exposed to maternal aversiveness but did not show any evidence of elevated levels of anger or aversiveness in their own behavior. Surprisingly, this was also true for the mixed-disorder children. High levels of depression in both groups of depressed children were associated with low levels of conflict and anger in family members. Overall, siblings showed very similar patterns of behavior, and were exposed to similar patterns of parental behavior, as the referred children. Results are discussed in terms of family models that emphasize the function of aggression and depression in the maintenance of child psychopathology.
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PMID:Childhood depression and conduct disorder: II. An analysis of family interaction patterns in the home. 150 Jun 7

Since (a) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may involve serotonergic neural transmission abnormalities also though to be related to regulation of suicide and aggression, (b) comorbidity between OCD and depression is substantial, and (c) depression is a major risk factor for suicide, a comprehensive analysis of clinical trial data was undertaken to assess the potential association of fluoxetine, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, and suicidality (suicidal acts and ideation). Pooled data from clinical trials comparing fluoxetine (n = 266) and placebo (n = 89) in patients with DSM-IIIR OCD were analyzed retrospectively. No suicidal acts occurred during placebo lead-in or double-blind therapy. Mean Hamilton Depression Scale item 3 (suicide item) scores improved statistically significantly with fluoxetine compared with placebo. Worsening in suicidal ideation was statistically significantly more frequent with placebo than with fluoxetine. Emergence of substantial suicidal ideation (change in baseline item 3 score of 0 or 1 to 3 or 4) was numerically greater with placebo than with fluoxetine (3.6% vs. 1.7%; not statistically significant). The incidence of suicidality in fluoxetine-treated patients with OCD was low, compared favorably with rates in corresponding placebo-treated patients, and was well within the range of estimates in previous studies of patients with OCD. These controlled clinical trial results suggest no undue risk of suicidality in patients with OCD treated with fluoxetine.
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PMID:Fluoxetine: no association with suicidality in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 154 40

From a psychological point of view, we would expect that motivational rather than biological dysfunctions mediate initiation of violent and non-violent suicidal actions. To prove this assumption we classified depressed women in four groups according to their suicidal behaviour and matched them to age: suicide ideators, violent suicide attempters, non-violent suicide attempters, non-suicidal depressed controls. We then tested group differences in respect of aggression, impulsivity, introversion, affective lability, anxiety, depression and electrodermal activity (EDA). To take a closer look at motivational dysfunctions, we implemented the Action Control Scale (corresponding to Kuhls theory of action and state orientation), since we regard chronic state orientation as a risk factor for suicidal behaviour. Results show few differences in violent attempters compared with controls. In contrast to non-violent attempters, they show a greater tendency to achievement and action oriented behaviour being less introverted. Non-violent attempters, however, show most significant differences to their controls: Corresponding to a high state orientation, they are more depressed, anxious, less stable in respect of affectiveness, and more introverted, with low scores in aggression and contentedness in life. In contrast to some other studies, nonreactivity in the electrodermal system dominates in all groups. Results demonstrate that motivational dysfunctions like state orientation allow better prediction and understanding of violent or non-violent suicidal behaviour in depressed women than does electrodermal reactivity.
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PMID:[Personality, motivation and affect as modulating factors in suicidal behavior of depressed women]. 156 94

The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown, and a definitive diagnosis of the disease can be determined only at autopsy or by brain biopsy. AD can be characterized by various structural changes, including cerebral cortical atrophy, neuronal loss, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. The primary defect involves reduced activity of choline acetyltransferase. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and somatostatin, are also compromised. Treatment of AD requires maintenance of a consistent lifestyle and environment for the patient, as well as counseling and support for the patient's family. Medications, which have been effective in some patients, are primarily used to improve cognitive function and modify behavior. Cognitive medications such as tacrine hydrochloride and physostigmine have proven beneficial in some patients, while behavioral medications have been effective in the treatment of depression, aggression, agitation, and anxiety associated with AD. However, the side effect profile of each medication and its probable overall benefit to the individual patient should be evaluated before beginning therapy. Continued research in patients with AD is required to identify medications that will consistently ameliorate the memory loss associated with the disease.
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PMID:Current concepts in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 157 22

106 high school students from a small rural high school completed the Children of Alcoholics Scale, Zaks and Walters' Aggression Scale, Beck Depression Scale, and a modified version of the Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation. Analyses of variance showed boys were not experiencing suicide ideation any more than girls; suicide ideation was similar across the four grades, but on aggression alcohol-dependent boys scored significantly higher than girls, and in Grade 9 boys' scores were significantly higher than those in Grade 10. The sophomores' scores on alcohol dependency were significantly lower than the freshmen's scores. Boys and children from divorced homes had higher scores on aggression than girls and children from nondivorced homes. Children from homes in which alcohol was used had higher depression scores than children from nonalcoholic homes. Freshman girls and sophomore boys had higher depression scores than senior boys and girls. A Pearson r of 0.28 between scores on alcohol dependency and suicide ideation was significant, but research is needed to understand better the associations of thoughts of suicide and drug-alcohol dependency among these high school students so strategies for prevention and intervention can be focused.
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PMID:Depression, suicide ideation, and aggression among high school students whose parents are divorced and use alcohol at home. 159 69

Typical manic episodes could be the cause of penal infractions, usually benign. In contrast, forensic studies show a close relationship between depression, suicide and homicide. Killers (16-28%) are often depressed when they commit a crime. In the UK and USA, 4-35% of killers commit suicide immediately after their crime. Assessment of a depressed patient must include an evaluation of the risk of homicide as well as the risk of suicide. The past history of depression and suicidal attempts, the presence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideas, are good predictors of impending danger of aggression and sometimes of homicide.
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PMID:[Homicide is strongly correlated to depression and not to mania]. 160 Sep 18

Considerable evidence exists that the limbic system and the hypothalamus play an important role in the HPA axis disturbances found in depressive disorders. Evidence also exists that the limbic system plays a role in the modulation of aggressive behavior. Yet the HPA function of individuals with a disordered regulation of aggression has received little scrutiny. Because aggressive behavior has been observed to be extensively correlated with heavy alcohol use, we explored the HPA function of alcoholics who had had a life-long history of violence. Basal 0700h cortisol was measured in 4 consecutive wk following cessation of drinking in 19 alcoholics with a history of depression, and 17 alcoholics with a history of violent behavior, eight of whom had been incarcerated because of the severity of their violent acts. When compared with alcoholics with no problem in mood or aggression regulation, significant cortisol increases were found in the group of patients who had been incarcerated for violent acts and not in any other group. This increase persisted for 4 wk after cessation of drinking. A variety of variables, including several measures of alcohol consumption, amounts of benzodiazepines used for detoxification, and liver function tests, failed to show significant associations with cortisol. Data are interpreted as indicating that individuals displaying severe forms of violence could have a dysregulated HPA function revealed by exposure to excessive amounts of alcohol.
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PMID:Cortisol in alcoholics with a disordered aggression control. 160 16

The single most important risk factor for adolescent suicide is a previous attempt. It is unclear if physicians can identify adolescents who have attempted suicide. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of previous attempts in an adolescent clinic population, if physicians identify attempters, and if attempters demonstrate persistent distress. Of 332 patients aged 12-19 years attending a medical clinic, 48 (14.5%) reported a previous attempt. The physician's visit note documented that only 8 (16.7%) of the 48 attempters were asked about suicidal behavior. Attempters were more likely than nonattempters (p less than 0.05) to be female; to come to clinic without a guardian; to give a chief complaint pertaining to sexually transmitted disease, obstetrics-gynecology, or mental health; and to report previous mental health care. Attempters had poorer mean scores (p less than 0.05) on validated subscales for family relationships, social competence, depression, unpopularity, somatic complaints, thought disorders, delinquency, aggression, and identity. We conclude that suicide attempts are common among adolescent clinic patients, that physicians may not recognize attempters, and that attempters remain distressed and in need of care. Physicians who see adolescents for routine medical problems must consider the potential for self-destructive behavior, regardless of the presenting complaint.
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PMID:Adolescent suicide attempters: do physicians recognize them? 161 Aug 44

This cross-sectional study, conducted in 1988, examines the association between hemoglobin level and behavior problems in 236 Hispanic children, ages 2 to 5 years, residing in low-income census tracts in the Los Angeles area. Venous blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and lead. Family and child data were obtained through a home interview with the child's mother or guardian. Behavior problems were assessed using questionnaires modeled after Child Behavior Checklists for children ages 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 years. A significant correlation between decreasing hemoglobin values and increasing total behavior problems scores was found for girls, 2 to 3 and 4 to 5 years old. These associations remained significant in both age groups after adjusting for maternal education and marital status. Statistically significant inverse correlations also were found between hemoglobin and social withdrawal, sleep problems, and depression (internalizing subscale behaviors) in 2- to 3-year-old girls, and between hemoglobin and aggression and hyperactivity (externalizing subscale behaviors) in 4- to 5-year-old girls. The potentially negative consequences of these anemia-related behavior problems on children's development, learning ability, and parent-child relationships warrant further investigation.
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PMID:The association between hemoglobin and behavior problems in a sample of low-income Hispanic preschool children. 161 17

1. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a rare but potentially treatable form of dementia. Shunting will improve functioning in 40% to 50% of patients. 2. The classic symptoms of NPH are dementia characterized by mild memory impairment and apathy, ataxic gait, and urinary hesitancy or incontinence. 3. The patient with NPH may present with psychiatric symptoms of depression, paranoia, visual hallucinations, irrational hostility, and aggression or mania. 4. Patients with NPH are indifferent about activities of daily living and personal safety and require close supervision.
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PMID:Normal pressure hydrocephalus. A potentially reversible form of dementia. 161 84


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