Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Siblings and offspring of persons with schizophrenia carry elevated genetic risk for the illness and manifest attentional and memory impairments. Because less is known about other neuropsychological functions and their specificity in adolescents, we conducted a genetic high-risk (HR) study of schizophrenia (HR-SCZ) and affective psychosis (HR-AFF). Participants (ages 12-25) were from the Harvard Adolescent High-Risk and Hillside Family studies, including 73 HR-SCZ, 18 HR-AFF, and 84 community controls (CCs) recruited in metropolitan Boston and New York. Groups were compared on overall neurocognitive functioning, 6 domains, and 13 test scores, controlling for age, parental education, and correlated data within families. The HR-SCZ group was significantly impaired overall, while the HR-AFF group demonstrated a trend toward overall impairment. HR-SCZ subjects showed significantly lower Verbal Ability (d = .73) and Executive Functioning/Working Memory (d = .47) than CCs. HR-AFF subjects showed reduced Verbal Ability (d = .64) compared to CCs. Excluding 12 CCs with a parental history of depression (without psychosis) led to larger differences between HR and CC groups across domains. Moreover, HR-SCZ and CC group differences in Verbal Memory (d = .39) and Visual-Spatial (d = .34) became statistically significant. There were no significant differences between HR-SCZ and HR-AFF groups. Data support a modest neuropsychological deficit in persons at genetic HR for psychosis, with a broader range of deficits in HR-SCZ. Future work should assess the relationship of neurocognition to adaptive functioning and possible onset of psychosis in HR samples. Ascertainment criteria for controls may markedly influence results and interpretation of group differences.
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PMID:Neuropsychological functioning in adolescents and young adults at genetic risk for schizophrenia and affective psychoses: results from the Harvard and Hillside Adolescent High Risk Studies. 1670 77

A group of patients with depressive disorder, depressive episode (DE) according to the ICD-10, with episodic or recurrent course and the presence of pathological body sensations (PBS) in the form of senestoalgic, senestoalgic-senestopathic and senestopathic syndromes has been studied. The study group consisted of 65 patients with PBS and the control one--of 30 patients without PBS. More than a half of patients with DE and PBS had severe DE without psychotic symptoms. Modality of hypothymia was assessed by depressed mood with presence/absence of melancholy and permanent anxiety appearing as generalized anxiety disorder. The study group was divided into 2 subgroups: DE with monolocal (39 patients) and DE with bi- or polylocal (26 patients) PBS. Initial, manifest and active stages of the disease course were singled out and PBS dynamics and appearances of depressive disorders per se on each stage were studied. The presence of comorbid disorders such as panic disorder (full and symptomatically poor variants) was found. Continuum is suggested in manifestations of monopolar depression as a borderline variant of affective psychosis: depression without PBS--depression with bi- and polylocal PBS--depression with monoclonal PBS.
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PMID:[Depressive disorder with pathological body sensations]. 1697 93

A comparative analysis was carried out of depressive and anxiety disorders in accordance to ICD-10 criteria in the group of patients with pain variant of somatization disorder (SD), vegetative dysfunction (VD) with monolocal pathological body sensations (PBS) and VD with be- and polylocal PBS (analogous of somatoform vegetative dysfunction without of an accent on disturbances of physiological functioning of any organs or system). Results of this analysis compared with frequency of depressive and anxiety symptomatic in the group of patients with depressive episode (DE). As a result of discriminative analysis 20 depressive and anxiety symptoms were established with possibility of determination of mutual distant/near of 4 clinical groups in feature's space. The SD and VD with monolocal PBS groups take place extreme position in the continuum of 4 clinical groups, DE and VD with be- and polylocal PBS - middle position. Pain variant of SD with primary light (rare middle) severe of depressive episode, as a rule, anxiety modality of low mood can be qualified as masked (somatization) depression. VD patients with be- and polylocal PBS were attributed to atypical monopolar depression; depressive episode without pathological body sensations (to the exclusion of possible vitalization of verbalization/no verbalization melancholy affect) occupied middle position in the continuum of monopolar depression as an affective psychosis.
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PMID:[Integrative estimation of depression, anxiety and somatoform disorders]. 1837 93

A dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been suggested as a factor in the etiology and exacerbation of psychosis, but has not been reported consistently. Sex differences are apparent in many aspects of psychotic disorders and may explain some of the equivocation associated with the regulation of the HPA axis in the illness. The present study compared the cortisol response to awakening (CRA) in 27 patients (16 men and 11 women) with recent onset of psychosis (within the past 2 years) and 40 age and gender matched controls. Within the patient group, we also assessed the relationship between the CRA and positive and negative symptoms of psychosis, anxiety and depression. The CRA in patients was not significantly different from controls. However, within the patient group, we observed a significant sex difference, with a blunted cortisol response to awakening in men but not in women (F=7.26; p<0.002). This difference could not be explained by differences between male and female patients in awakening time, medication, or diagnosis of schizophrenia vs. affective psychosis. Cortisol levels were not related to symptom measures. Our findings demonstrate a dysregulation of the HPA axis in male patients with recent onset of psychosis. This sex specificity might be related to and explain in part the unfavorable course of the illness observed in men.
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PMID:Sex differences in the cortisol response to awakening in recent onset psychosis. 1864 Jul 85

Participation in work or school activity is an important aspect of social functioning in individuals with a recent onset of psychosis. We measured the predictors of occupational status 6 months following hospitalization in a sample of 71 adults with recent onset affective or non-affective psychosis. At baseline, participants were evaluated with cognitive measures including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, symptom rating scales, the Modified Vocational Index to assess occupational status, and other clinical and demographic measures. At follow-up, occupational status was re-assessed and categorized as whether or not the patient had any current work or school activity. Results of a backwards stepwise logistic regression examining occupational status at follow-up yielded a significant model with the following independent predictors: a higher baseline level of cognitive functioning as measured by performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test lower level of baseline depression as measured by the Calgary Depression Scale; and better socioeconomic status as measured by level of maternal education. Cognitive functioning, but not psychosis severity, is a significant independent predictor of occupational status early in the course of psychotic illness.
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PMID:Predictors of occupational status six months after hospitalization in persons with a recent onset of psychosis. 1870 66

Insomnia is a potential cause of anxiety, depression, and anomalies of experience; separate research has shown that anxiety, depression and anomalies of experience are predictors of paranoia. Thus insomnia may contribute to the formation and maintenance of persecutory ideation. The aim was to examine for the first time the association of insomnia symptoms and paranoia in the general population and the extent of insomnia in individuals with persecutory delusions attending psychiatric services. Assessments of insomnia, persecutory ideation, anxiety, and depression were completed by 300 individuals from the general population and 30 individuals with persecutory delusions and a diagnosis of non-affective psychosis. Insomnia symptoms were clearly associated with higher levels of persecutory ideation. Consistent with the theoretical understanding of paranoia, the association was partly explained by the presence of anxiety and depression. Moderate or severe insomnia was present in more than 50% of the delusions group. The study provides the first direct evidence that insomnia is common in individuals with high levels of paranoia. It is plausible that sleep difficulties contribute to the development of persecutory ideation. The intriguing implication is that insomnia interventions for this group could have the added benefit of lessening paranoia.
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PMID:Insomnia and paranoia. 1909 52

Phenotypic heterogeneity within patients and controls may explain why the genetic variants contributing to schizophrenia risk explain only a fraction of the heritability. The aim of this study is to investigate quantitative and qualitative differences in psychosis symptoms in a sample including psychosis patients, their relatives, and community controls. We combined factor analysis and latent class analysis to analyze variation in Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History lifetime-rated symptoms in 4286 subjects. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Intelligence Quotient (N = 2663) and the Camberwell Assessment of Need rating scale (N = 625) were assessed in a subsample. Variation in 5 continuous dimensions (disorganization, positive, negative, mania, and depression) was accounted for by the presence of 7 homogeneous classes (Kraepelinian schizophrenia, affective psychosis, manic-depression, deficit nonpsychosis, depression, healthy, and no symptoms). Eighty-five percent of the schizophrenia patients was assigned to the Kraepelinian schizophrenia class (characterized by high scores on the 5 dimensions, low IQ, and poor outcome) while 15% was assigned to the affective psychosis class (relatively low disorganization and negative scores, normal IQ, and good outcome). In bipolar patients (91% bipolar I), 41% was assigned to the Kraepelinian schizophrenia class, 44% to the affective psychosis class, and 10% to the manic-depression class. Latent class membership was associated with intelligence in psychosis patients and in their relatives but not in community controls. In conclusion, symptom heterogeneity is more pronounced in bipolar disorder compared with schizophrenia. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity within psychosis patients and controls may facilitate etiological research.
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PMID:Kraepelin was right: a latent class analysis of symptom dimensions in patients and controls. 2086 20

Suicide is the leading cause of premature death among individuals experiencing psychosis. The risk of suicide is proposed to increase with a greater potential for activation of suicide related schemas. Empirical representations of suicide schemas were compared between individuals experiencing non-affective psychosis, with and without a history of suicidal behaviour. Employing a cross-sectional between-groups comparison design, 84 participants, previously diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder, were recruited from community mental health services. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and clinical measures of psychopathology. To assess participants' suicide schemas, a series of direct and indirect cognitive tasks were designed and administered. Pathfinder analysis enabled the construction of empirically derived representations of the groups' suicide schemas based on responses to the cognitive tasks. The suicide group achieved significantly greater scores on measures of anxiety, depression, hopelessness and suicidality than the non-suicide group, but not on measures indicative of the severity of psychosis. The suicide schema for the suicide group was more elaborate and extensive than for the non-suicide group, even when clinical measures were taken into account. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
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PMID:Suicide schemas in non-affective psychosis: An empirical investigation. 2086 42

The prevalence of FRSs of Schneider was studied in three groups of functional psychoses. They were most common in schizophrenia (53.3 %) followed by affective psychosis (33.3 %) and reactive psychosis (23.3 %). Thought broadcast, thought insertion and thought withdrawal were commonest in schizophrenia. There was a suggestion that made volitional acts and commenting voices were more commonly present in patients with a diagnosis of depression. There was no distinctive FRS profile in reactive psychosis. A strong correlation also emerged between FRS and a family history of schizophrenia.
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PMID:A study of first rank symptoms of schneider in functional psychoses. 2192 84

The psychological aspects of hypothyroidism are reviewed with reference to the available literature. A case history of hypothyroidism along with its psychological manifestations is discussed and a conclusion is drawn that usually four characteristic types of psychological pictures co-exist with hypothyroidism viz. organic brain syndrome, schizophrenia form psychoses, affective psychosis, especially the depression and mixed variety. Suggestion for therapy are also outlined.
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PMID:Psychological aspects of hypothyroidism (review and case study). 2196 22


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