Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis. From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.
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PMID:Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis. 42 31

We reported three cases of unipolar delusional depression which took a characteristic two-stage clinical course. Anxiety and agitation with persecutory delusions predominated the picture at first, but they were soon replaced by severe psychomotor retardation or stupor associated with delusions of poverty and guilt. The administration of L-Dopa in the latter stage brought about a rapid improvement both in mood and psychomotor activity. We considered these cases in the light of the recent biochemical studies on affective psychosis.
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PMID:Three cases of unipolar delusional depression responsive to L-dopa. 53 33

Fifty-one patients who on admission in 1959-62 were diagnosed schizophrenic and yet achieved full remission were followed for 4-16 years (average 10 years). Subsequently, 20 of the remitting schizophrenics relapsed, spent an average of 25% of the followup period hospitalized, and could unambiguously be relabeled chronic schizophrenia. Except for brief relapses in a few cases, 31 patients maintained full remission throughout the followup period. What was most significant was that on first admission the 20 remitting schizophrenics who became chronic were just as reactive (i.e., manifesting acute onset, precipitants, and good premorbid adjustment) and almost as "affective" (i.e., manifesting depression and heredity positive for affective psychosis) as the 31 patients whose remissions were sustained. These findings support the hypothesis that remitting schizophrenics are not necessarily a discrete type of schizophrenic requiring fresh labels. Rather, such patients may be more simply classified as schizophrenics who get predictably better after their first admission.
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PMID:A 10-year followup of remitting schizophrenics. 74 64

An investigation was undertaken into the first admissions to (for the years 1963, 1965, 1968, 1972) and the total discharges from (for the years 1963-72) Scottish mental hospitals and psychiatric units of male doctors and other social class I males. The overall rates for both first admission and for all discharges were more than twice as high among male doctors as among other social class I males. First admission and total discharge rates for drug dependence, alcoholism, neurotic and 'functional' depression and for affective psychosis were all significantly higher among doctors than non-doctors. Doctors were more likely than non-doctors to have been referred by themselves or by medical sources other than general practitioners, and were as willing as non-doctors to enter hospital voluntarily. Creater access to psychiatrists may have contributed to their higher rates in in-patient care, but it is improbable that such factors accounted for all of the excess in rates of drug dependence, alcoholism and depression.
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PMID:Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: an analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data. 88 3

Psychopathological picture of depression and the conduct of some hormone tests vs the therapeutic response to thymoleptics were examined. On the grounds of some diagnostic criteria, 84 patients with affective psychosis were divided into three diagnostic groups: unipolar (DJ, n = 54) and bipolar (DD, n = 20) endogenous depressions and non-endogenous depression (DN, n = 10). The control group (GK, n = 25) consisted of mentally healthy people. Hormone tests TRH and ITT were performed before and after the treatment. The hormones: TSH, T4, T3, PRL, GH, and CORT were marked by RIA methods. The findings of the examination, after being statistically described and thoroughly discussed, show that they could be useful in differential diagnosis of affective illnesses and in prognosis of therapeutic response.
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PMID:[Psychopathologic picture of depression and the conduct of some hormone tests and the therapeutic response to thymoleptics]. 129

On the basis of analyzed clinical material several observations were attempted which were related to the patients' awareness of one's own affective psychosis. It was discovered that patients with endogenous depression considered themselves to be ill, but only in relation to depression. They usually do not perceive in themselves any psychotic illness. It was noticed that in depression past achievements appeared to be foreign to the patients. This was described in among other terms as "emotionally empty judgments". Analyzing the clinical picture of hypomanic states, stress was placed on the notion of the coexistence of logical thinking (and in some cases these thinking patterns are concerned with a feeling of heightened cognitive ability) with thinking styles based on logical errors. In all patients hypermnesia appears more important than other factors. The above mentioned phenomena are the subject of further research.
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PMID:[Awareness of illness in affective psychosis]. 130

A retrospective chart review of 50 pharmacotherapeutically resistant patients was performed after treatment with NET in 1986-1988. 28 patients suffered from schizophrenia and 22 from affective psychosis. In contrast to literature where NET as therapy of first choice has favourable results in depression in this study 60.7% of the treatment resistant acute schizophrenics responded well to NET. 3 months after discharge from hospital 9 schizophrenics (32.1%) but only 3 patients with affective psychosis (13.6%) presented a 'good' outcome (full remission). A longer duration of schizophrenia (more than 5 years since first manifestation) and a good response to neuroleptics in history was predictive for a good actual NET response (14 of 17 patients), whereas 7 of 11 patients suffering from schizophrenia less than 3 years without any period of full remission on neuroleptics were also non-responders to NET.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of neuro-electric therapy in drug resistant endogenous psychoses]. 167 54

Comparative clinico-psychopathological analysis was employed to study the structure of affective disorders in the depressive phases in monopolar (48 patients) and bipolar (25 patients) pure-affective psychosis. The clinical heteronomy of recurrent depression is demonstrated and two varieties therefore are distinguished. The potentially bipolar variety (24 patients) manifests noticeable similarity to bipolar psychosis in accordance with predominance of anergic depression, dynamics of the onset, phases and disease course on the whole. The relatively autonomous "anxiety" variety (24 patients) appeared to be unusual in nature: steadily seen anxious modality of depression, gradual onset and completion of the phases, their protracted course and lack of the discreteness traits, later onset of psychosis, frequency of the anxious-hypochondriac habits before disease. It is assumed that monopolarity is an essential trait of the morbid process in patients with the above variety.
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PMID:[Clinical variants of unipolar endogenous depression]. 216 89

A female patient born in 1941, who suffers from affective psychosis and Addison's disease, first received lithium carbonate in 1983 during a severe, therapy-resistent depression. With lithium treatment she showed a considerable improvement. In the following months, with a daily dosage of 24.4 mmol, the blood lithium levels were between 0.8 and 0.9 mmol/l. One year later she suffered a severe lithium intoxication after a virus infection. Shortly afterwards, she had a manic and then a depressive phase. She was now put on a regimen of with 12.2 mmol lithium carbonate per day, which produced blood levels between 0.3 and 0.4 mmol/l. In the following years, values of about 0.9 mmol/l were observed several times, therapy and clinical condition remaining unchanged. These spontaneous fluctuations of the blood lithium level, a hitherto unreported phenomenon are discussed as a possible cause of the lithium intoxication. The consequences for clinical practice are outlined.
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PMID:Lithium treatment of a patient with Addison's disease and affective psychosis. 271 62

Thanks to progress in the diagnosis and treatment of depression it is now possible for most cases to be treated on an out-patient basis. Only 15-20% of patients require hospitalisation, most of them because their depression has proved resistant to therapy. To overcome therapy-resistance, the following methods of treatment are available: In therapy-resistant endogenous and psychogenic depressions, mono-infusion therapy is the treatment of choice; it can also be administered on an out-patient basis. In extremely intractable cases, it is advisable to resort to combined infusion therapy, preceded by five days of relaxation therapy with oral doses of a neuroleptic, and possibly reinforced by medication with 5-hydroxytryptophan (the precursor of serotonin) or by sleep deprival. In therapy-resistant cases of so-called masked depression, marked by overtones of anxiety and hypochondriasis, infusions of maprotiline are indicated, because this anti-depressant exerts a relaxing and mildly anxiolytic action, has a stabilising influence on the autonomic nervous system, and produces a mood-brightening effect. In patients who are apathetic and devoid of drive and suffering from involutional depression or depression of old age, infusion therapy plus administration of an MAO inhibitor can be recommended. Combination of an antidepressant with a neuroleptic agent also displaying certain antidepressive properties is really indicated only in the rare cases of schizo-affective psychosis. Electroconvulsive therapy should be employed only as a last resort in extremely retarded and apathetic patients with strong suicidal tendencies, and the indication for ECT should be established with the utmost reserve.
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PMID:Treatment for therapy-resistant depression. 288 99


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