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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

HIV-infected subjects at various stages of illness but without opportunistic cerebral disease were evaluated using a comprehensive, cognitively-based neuropsychological protocol and measures of levels of depression and anxiety. The data indicated a prominent attentional disorder among impaired subjects; however, language, visual-spatial and memory functioning were not deficient. There was also evidence suggesting executive function deficit. Depression contributed a small additional component in differentiating the groups. These findings help to specify the nature of the cognitive disturbance associated with HIV encephalopathy and are consistent with the pathological effects of primary infection of the brain by HIV. In addition, they provide a specific basis for ameliorative treatment with psychostimulant medication.
AIDS 1991 Dec
PMID:Cognitive impairment in HIV infection. 181 32

46 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were followed up to determine psychiatric morbidity, both prior to and after information regarding their HIV status was revealed to them. Among these patients, 4 had AIDS syndrome while 42 individuals were HIV carriers. The preinformation morbidity in the AIDS group included 2 individuals who presented with delirium and 1 with an adjustment disorder. The psychiatric diagnosis among the HIV carriers revealed 1 patient with major depression, 4 with adjustment disorders, and 4 with alcohol dependence syndrome. The additional morbidity after the diagnosis was revealed and included major depression and adjustment disorders which could be managed by psychological intervention and counseling in most instance. The individual who later developed major depression committed suicide. The study, though preliminary in nature, suggests that it may be beneficial to include psychiatric management as past of the general care of individuals with HIV infection.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in HIV infected individuals. 185 20

Addressed both the psychological frailness and strength in an AIDS-affected community. The gay community in Sydney, Australia, was represented by men who were seropositive (n = 60) and voluntary caregivers (n = 60). They were compared with two samples of men outside the gay community, who were ill with non-AIDS-related medical conditions (n = 30), and well (n = 30). Their psychological frailness and strength were measured by content analysis scales. Both the seropositive men and the caregivers showed the frailness of anxiety, indirectly expressed anger and helplessness, but also the compensating strength of greater personal competence and good feeling relative to the other men. The men who were seropositive or had other illnesses showed the predicted frailness of anxiety and depression but neither indirectly expressed anger nor helplessness. The seropositive men and caregivers of the gay community differed from each other only in the high levels of depression of the former.
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PMID:Psychological frailness and strength in an AIDS-affected community: a study of seropositive gay men and voluntary caregivers. 186 60

Many current health status instruments either are too long to use in many acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) clinical trials or omit important concepts. In this study, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-relevant items developed for the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) from subscales for cognitive function, energy/fatigue, health distress, and a single quality of life item were added to a portion of the MOS Short-form General Health Survey. The resulting 30-item questionnaire reliably and distinctly measured ten aspects of health and took less than 5 minutes to complete. To test its validity, this modified measure was used to compare the health of 73 subjects with asymptomatic HIV infection and 44 with early AIDS-related complex (ARC). Compared with ARC subjects, asymptomatic individuals reported superior overall health, less pain, and better physical function, role function, cognitive function, and quality of life (rank-sum, P less than 0.02). Asymptomatic subjects' scores were higher on most subscales than the age-adjusted scores of MOS outpatients with hypertension, diabetes, recent myocardial infarction, or depression; ARC patients scored closest to hypertensive patients. This instrument, containing a subset of the MOS measures of health-related quality of life, may be a useful outcome measure for AIDS clinical trials.
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PMID:A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the Medical Outcomes Study. Preliminary validation in persons with early HIV infection. 187 45

Health-related questionnaires were administered to 742 high school seniors in small towns in rural West Virginia. Students tended to overestimate the immediate threat to their health from cancer, heart disease and AIDS. They recognized a threat from auto accidents to their life and health in the immediate future, but nevertheless indulged in high-risk drinking and driving behavior. A surprisingly high percentage were concerned about stress and depression (40 percent) and suicide (11 percent). One-third of students had either planned or attempted suicide, suggesting that appropriate health education for this age group should include more emphasis on psychosocial issues and stress management.
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PMID:Adolescent perceptions of teenage morbidity and mortality in a rural population. 187 78

The phenotype of inflammatory cells in lymph nodes from 16 patients with culture-proven tuberculous lymphadenitis were examined by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Eight patients were suffering from a symptomatic HIV1 infection and 8 patients were immunocompetent individuals without positive HIV1 serology. In addition, the lymph nodes of 2 AIDS patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection were examined using the same techniques. Characteristic granulomas with or without caseation were observed in the 8 immunocompetent and the 4 HIV1-infected patients with less marked lymphopenia of CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In lymph nodes from the other HIV1-infected patients with more severe depression of CD4+ PBL, no epithelioid cell formation was present; instead, foamy macrophages were found. The phenotype of the macrophages underwent progressive changes in parallel with the decreasing numbers of CD4+ PBL. Foamy macrophages in M. avium-intracellulare infection exhibited remarkable erythrophagocytotic activity and may represent an end-stage phenotype. They were positive for S100 protein and did not produce lysozyme or alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. They lost the antigen which was detected by monoclonal antibody Mac387 whereas positivity for HLA-DR, CD68 and KI-M8 was preserved. While many lymphocytes expressed CD25 (IL2 receptor) in cases with typical granulomas, there was no such CD25 expression in cases without epithelioid cell formation. Although granulomas have been produced in experimental animals independently of cell-mediated immune mechanisms, our results suggest that T-cell functions are necessary for epithelioid granuloma formation in human tuberculosis.
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PMID:In situ immunophenotype of macrophages and lymphocytes in granuloma formation of tuberculous lymphadenitis in HIV-infected and immunocompetent patients. 189 41

Various nucleoside analogues are being used or are being considered for use as therapeutic drugs to inhibit replication of the HTLV-III/LAV virus in infected human cells. Here, the ability of seven nucleoside analogues, a combination of two analogues, and two other therapeutic compounds to induce genotoxic and cytotoxic damage in vivo was evaluated in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Using a 3-consecutive-day oral treatment protocol, almost all of the test chemicals induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) in male B6C3F1 mice, ranked in decreasing potency as 6-thioguanine greater than Cytarabine HCl greater than 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)/2',3'-dideoxycytidine combination = AZT greater than Ribavirin = 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine greater than 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine = 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The frequency of MN-PCE was not increased significantly by treatment with 2',3-dideoxyinosine (DDI) or pentamidine isethionate (PI). The differential ability of AZT and DDI to induce MN in mouse bone marrow was verified from peripheral blood smears prepared from subchronic (90 day) oral studies. The lack of genotoxic activity by DDI was route-specific since, when tested by intraperitoneal injection, a small but significant increase in MN-PCE was observed. A number of these chemicals induced a significant depression in erythropoiesis. However, there was not a significant correlation between the increase in MN-PCE and the depression in the percentage of PCE. This lack of a correlation suggests that factors other than DNA damage may contribute to the inhibition in the rate of erythropoiesis. The presence of increased levels of micronuclei in bone marrow PCE following treatment with various nucleoside analogues suggests that intrinsic genotoxic activity in mammalian cells should be one factor considered during drug selection for AIDS therapy.
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PMID:Induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells: an evaluation of nucleoside analogues used in the treatment of AIDS. 191 12

It is evident that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the most serious public health issues in decades. HIV infection compromises cell-mediated immunity which ultimately may result in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS, to date, remains an incurable and progressively fatal disorder. HIV infection is spreading beyond the originally identified high-prevalence groups of gay/bisexual males, intravenous drug abusers, and recipients of infected blood or blood products. Today, more and more heterosexual males, women, adolescents, and children have been infected with this lethal virus. This report addresses some of the psychiatric complications associated with HIV infection and discusses the diagnostic and clinical management challenges that clinicians must face as they deal with the increasing population of HIV-infected patients. Depression, anxiety, psychosis, delirium, and dementia are commonly encountered disorders associated with HIV spectrum disorders which must be accurately identified and can be effectively managed with psychopharmacological interventions.
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PMID:Psychopharmacotherapy of psychiatric syndromes in asymptomatic and symptomatic HIV infection. 192 28

Twenty-four patients with AIDS panic, who presented to the psychiatric services between 1983 and 1986, were assessed on various clinical rating scales. The severity of clinical symptoms was estimated by adding together the total scores on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. The level of mass media publicity about AIDS was calculated by counting the number of major reports about the disease in national and local newspapers and on television. The findings suggested that, contrary to expectations, the referral rates of AIDS panic cases were highest in the earlier months when the level of media activity was low and decreased during the months following intense publicity about AIDS. Patients who presented in the later stages also showed fewer anxiety symptoms.
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PMID:AIDS panic: effects of mass media publicity. 195 Jun 4

A case of hypothyroidism that manifested as depression and deteriorating functional status and that ultimately resulted in the death of a 41-year-old patient with AIDS is described. Postmortem examination revealed destruction of the thyroid gland by Kaposi's sarcoma. Analysis of stored serum samples revealed that the patient had become profoundly hypothyroid during his terminal illness. Practitioners are reminded of the need to exclude metabolic causes when treating encephalopathy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Hypothyroidism due to destruction of the thyroid by Kaposi's sarcoma. 196 92


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