Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study concurrently measured psychological distress (state anxiety, depression, confusion, and intrusive thoughts), neuroendocrine (plasma cortisol concentrations), and immunologic [lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)] changes in the 5-week periods preceding and following serostatus notification among asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive and seronegative gay men. Seropositives, as opposed to seronegatives, showed a disparity in predicted relationships among distress, cortisol, and immunologic measures across the prenotification to postnotification period. Individual difference analyses suggested that among seropositives, in contrast to seronegatives, plasma cortisol concentrations were negatively correlated with psychological distress and positively correlated with responses to PHA (assessed at study entry and after serostatus notification). This pattern in seropositives could not be explained by differences in prenotification perceived risk of infectivity, extraneous environmental stressors, or CD4 cell counts within the seropositive group.
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PMID:Disparities in psychological, neuroendocrine, and immunologic patterns in asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative gay men. 167 4

Increases in physical fitness are often associated with improvements in certain chronic diseases, such as hypertension and coronary heart disease. Recent evidence has shown that exercise also influences the neuroendocrine and immune systems, resulting in a potential to benefit those with chronic immunodeficiency diseases. Therefore, exercise may prove to have a profound impact on the management of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Our current work includes the investigation of the immunologic and stress-attenuating effects of an aerobic exercise training program for individuals at risk for AIDS. Upon completion of training, the subjects showed a significant increase in helper/inducer (CD4) cells and the inducer subset (CD45RA+CD4+) which activate suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) cells. These increases, which average about 50 cells per cubic millimeter, are comparable to those observed in some studies of the AIDS drug comparable to those observed in some studies of the AIDS drug azidothymidine (AZT), but without the accompanying side effects. Also, individuals undergoing aerobic training reported no increases in anxiety and depression in response to notification of a positive HIV-1 serologic status. These findings taken together indicate that an aerobic exercise training program may enhance certain critical components of cellular immunity as well as acting as a buffer for the detrimental mood changes that typically accompany stress, thus providing a timely, promising behavioral approach to helping HIV-1-infected individuals.
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PMID:Aerobic exercise training in an AIDS risk group. 168 Jan 8

The first part of this article addresses the neuropsychiatric aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children and adolescents, including developmental delay, depression, and dementia. The specific clinical issues of disclosure of diagnosis and discussion of death with a child are examined. The second part presents aspects of the impact of AIDS on families, approaches to HIV antibody testing, and therapeutic interventions for the family.
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PMID:Psychosocial aspects of AIDS in children and adolescents. 170 86

The interferons (IFN) act too slowly to arrest acute viral infections, but interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) preparations have proved useful in some chronic infections and will clearly be used increasingly in these in the future. In the preparations derived from human leucocytes or cultured B lymphoblastoid cells, which are in routine clinical use, mixtures of a number of distinct subtypes of human IFN alpha have been identified. There are also 3 slightly different versions of the same single subtype, IFN alpha-2, made by recombinant DNA procedures in bacteria. IFN alpha preparations are injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Dose-related side effects are common but usually tolerable, but prolonged treatment may cause increasing fatigue and depression. Some patients form neutralising antibodies which block the effects of the IFN; these appear to be relatively more common after recombinant IFN alpha-2 than after IFN derived from human cells. Given intranasally, IFN alpha can prevent a subsequent experimental rhinovirus infection, or the spread of natural colds within a family. Repeated administration progressively damages the nasal mucosa, so that long term prophylaxis is not possible. IFN alpha has proved useful in patients with papillomavirus warts of the larynx, ano-genital region (condyloma acuminata) and skin (common warts). Treatment regimens remain to be optimised and are likely to include surgery or other treatments. IFN alpha and zidovudine (azidothymidine) synergistically inhibit the growth of HIV in vitro, and combination are on trial in patients with early AIDS. Very large doses of IFN alpha are effective against Kaposi's sarcoma in some AIDS patients. In chronic hepatitis B, continuing virus replication may lead to cirrhosis or primary liver cancer. Earlier clinical trials with IFN alpha gave inconclusive results, but recent large studies have confirmed that 25 to 40% of patients obtain benefit; this probably results from both the antiviral and the immunomodulatory effects of IFN alpha. In patients with chronic hepatitis C, the biochemical markers usually improve rapidly during IFN alpha administration, but relapse if treatment is stopped after only a few months; to increase the chances of sustained cure, the treatment period is now being prolonged.
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PMID:The use of interferon-alpha in virus infections. 172 72

An immunomorphometric study was performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsies in 20 patients with AIDS (18 males, 2 females-stage IV A-D). In comparison with a control group megakaryocytes (CD61-Y2/51) revealed not only a significant hyperplasia, but remarkably irregular shapes of cells and nuclei, together with a disturbance of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. No predominance of micromegakaryocytes as in myelodysplastic syndromes was observable. Contrasting idiopathic (immune)-thrombocytopenia, HIV-infected patients with a pronounced depression of the platelet count did not show a significant elevation of the number of promegakaryoblasts. This feature is in keeping with findings of a severe impairment of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in AIDS. There was a pronounced increase in the macrophage population (PG-M1). This alteration may be related to inflammatory lesions accompanying this disorder as well as to an enforced and premature destruction of hematopoietic cell elements in the myeloid stroma.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemistry and morphometry of bone marrow in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with special emphasis on megakaryopoiesis and macrophages]. 172 14

Cells of MPS and lymphatic system in lymph nodes from eighteen patients with culture proven tuberculous lymphadenitis were examined by histological and immunohistochemical technics. Ten patients suffered from symptomatic HIV-infection and eight patients were immunocompetent individuals without HIV serology. Characteristic granulomas with or without caseation were observed in the eight immunocompetent and the four HIV-infected patients with less marked lymphopenia of CD4 positive peripheral blood lymphocytes. In lymph nodes from the other HIV-infected patients with more severe depression of CD4 positive peripheral blood lymphocyte count no epitheloid cell formation was present. Instead of these cells foamy macrophages were found. The phenotype of macrophages underwent progressive changes parallel to decreasing numbers of CD4 positive peripheral blood lymphocytes. Foamy macrophages in mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection may represent an end-stage phenotype. While many macrophages and lymphocytes expressed IL-2 receptors in cases with typical granulomas there was no such CD25 expression in cases without any epitheloid cell formation. Our results suggest that T-cell activation is necessary for epitheloid granuloma formation in human tuberculosis and preliminary in situ data support the assumption that in vivo the HIV-infection provokes an excess production of cytokines which in turn causes an exhaustion of the immune system and finally AIDS.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical characterization of HIV-and non HIV-associated lymph node tuberculosis]. 172 23

Of 778 gay and bisexual men (none with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]), 27% (n = 212) reported suicidal ideation over the previous 6 months. Covariance structure models were used to explore predictors of suicide intent among (n = 112) suicide ideators with (n = 100) and without (n = 112) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Current AIDS-related stressors (deaths and illnesses and perceived AIDS risk) and past levels of adaptive functioning (social isolation and depression) were significantly more powerful predictors of suicide intent among HIV-positive than among HIV-negative ideators. Biological AIDS risk predicted neither suicide intent, current distress, nor perceived AIDS risk. Pathways to suicide intent appear to be psychologically, rather than biologically, mediated. Among HIV-positive ideators, AIDS-related death and illness events predicted suicide intent but not current distress symptoms. Some suicidal ideation in response to AIDS-related events may be an effort to cope rather than a manifestation of psychological distress.
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PMID:Factor influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicide ideators: differing models for men with and without human immunodeficiency virus. 175 32

The purpose of the study was to explore personal fears about AIDS and their consequences in terms of psychological symptoms and behaviour. 1902 individuals, 15 to 64 years old, were selected at random from the Finnish population and interviewed by telephone (94%) or in person (6%). 2.5% regarded AIDS as a personal threat, while 12-13% exhibited psychological symptoms such as insomnia, depression, anxiety or episodes of fear. About 20% had taken measures to prevent HIV infection: 9% had increased their use of condoms, 6% had had themselves tested for HIV, and 5% had taken precautionary measures at work. The psychological status of individuals who feel at risk of AIDS should be assessed within the health care system because persistent feelings of danger may be a sign of incipient psychological decompensation.
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PMID:Psychological symptoms and behavioural changes in Finns caused by fear of AIDS. 175 51

In eight (25%) of 32 consecutive AIDS patients between 1986 and 1989, Mycobacterium avium infection was diagnosed: in seven disseminated, in one as a local lymph node process. Six patients were treated as consistently as possible with a combination of ethambutol, rifabutine, clofazimine and protionamide (or cycloserine) in relatively large dosages. Median survival of treated patients was 15.5 (4-22) months. Protionamide inhibited most M. avium strains (7 of 8) in vitro, but often caused intolerance (nausea). Treatment of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection in our opinion was necessary in 5 of 6 patients during longterm M. avium therapy. HIV therapy (Zidovudine) during M. avium treatment was not possible due to bone marrow depression. A low maintenance dose of corticosteroids was necessary in 3 of 6 patients (one with adrenal insufficiency) to suppress symptoms such as fever and malaise.
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PMID:[Mycobacterium avium disease in AIDS patients; diagnosis and therapy]. 175 16

Although the availability of antibiotics has reduced the general incidence of donovanosis, the disease remains prevalent in India, Papua New Guinea, parts of southern Africa, and the West Indies. Clinical variants of this sexually transmitted disease include ulcerogranulomatous, hyertrophic, necrotic, and cicatrical. Described here is the case of a 20-year-old Zulu female who developed donovanosis with hypertrophic and ulcerogranulomatous lesions during the third trimester of pregnancy. When the patient presented at 36 weeks, she reported a 10-week history of vaginal ulceration and a 6-week history of swelling in the inguinal region. The ulcerative lesion, located at the introitus, had raised edges 2 cm in diameter, while the dry keloidal-like lesion 2 x 4 cm was present in the inguinal region. This is the first reported case of a combination of two variants of donovanosis in one individual. Histologic examination revealed mildly acanthotic surface squamous epithelium with underlying granulation tissue containing plasma cells, lymphocytes, pockets of neutrophils, and scattered histiocytic cells. Donovan bodies with the typical safety pin appearance were demonstrated by a Giemsa stained tissue smear. Treatment with 500 mg of erythromycin twice daily for 2 weeks resolved the disease. Both the incidence and severity of donovanosis appear to increase during late pregnancy, presumably because of depression of lymphocyte proliferative responses.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale) in pregnancy. 178 39


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