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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers by giving polybrominated biphenyls a in gelatin capsules at the rate of 25 g/day. Initially, this dosage was approximately 67 mg/kg of body weight. Clinical signs were anorexia, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, emaciation, dehydration, depression, and abortion. Fever was not evident during the experiment. Values for serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were increased. Changes in packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte counts were minimal and reflected dehydration and secondary infection. The principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Gross necropsy findings included dehydration; subcutaneous emphysema and hemorrhage; atrophy of the thymus; fetal death with concomitant necrosis of cotyledons; kidneys that were enlarged, pale tan to gray; thickened wall of the gallbladder; inspissated bile; edema of abomasal folds; mucoid enteritis; linear hemorrhage and edema of the rectal mucosa; and secondary pneumonia. Microscopic changes were most marked in the kidneys, gallbladder, and eyelid. In the kidney, the principal changes were extreme dilatation of collecting ducts and convoluted tubules, with epithelial degenerative changes of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, and separation from the basement membrane. Common changes in the gallbladder were moderate to marked hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the mucous glands in the lamina propria. The changes in the eyelids were characterized by hyperkeratosis, with accumulations of keratin in hair follicles of the epidermis and squamous metaplasia with keratin cysts in the tarsal glands. Clinical signs and lesions of toxicosis did not develop in heifers given the polybrominated biphenyls at the rate of 0.25 mg and 250 mg/day for 60 days. Initially these rates were approximately 0.00065 mg/kg and 0.65 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.
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PMID:Pathology of experimentally induced polybrominated biphenyl toxicosis in pregnant heifers. 18 92

The toxicity of a commercial blend of polybrominated biphenyls was determined in 24 pregnant Holstein heifers that were allotted randomly to one of four experimental groups given 0, .25, 250, or 25,000 mg/day of fire-Master BP-6. The polybrominated biphenyls were mixed with finely ground corn and given by bolus for 60 days or until the animal became moribund. Average body weight of heifers at onset of experiment was 381 kg. No clinical signs of toxicosis were evident in heifers fed 0, .25 or 250 mg/day. Toxicosis was induced in heifers fed 25,000 mg/day resulting in reduced dry matter intake, body weight, heart rate, and respiration rate. Clinical signs were anorexia, emaciation, dehydration, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, depression, and abortion or fetal death. All heifers fed 25,000 mg/day became moribund within 33 to 66 days.
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PMID:Effects of polybrominated biphenyls on health and performance of pregnant Holstein heifers. 19 46

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant heifers by feeding 25,000 mg/head/day of FireMaster BP-6, a commercial blend of polybrominated biphenyls (PBB). The PBB feeding decreased dry matter intake approximately 50% by 4 days exposure. Emaciated animals became anorexic a few days prior to death at 33 to 66 days. Weight losses of heifers average 80 kg. Other clinical signs observed were dehydration, diarrhea, excessive salivation and lacrimation, fetal death, abortion, and general depression as evidenced by depressed heart and respiratory rates. Clinical signs were apparent after 10 days exposure and progressively intensified along with loss of condition until death. Clinicopathologic changes included significantly increased serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and decreased serum calcium by 30 days exposure. Lactate dehydrogenase, urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were elevated, and serum albumin decreased by 36 to 40 days. Principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Pregnant heifers fed 0.25 or 250 mg/head/day for 60 days and nonpregnant heifers fed 250 mg/head/day for 180 days displayed neither clinical signs nor clinicopathologic changes indicating adverse effects from PBB exposure. Post-exposure, all heifers exposed to PBB for 60 days calved normally with zero calf mortality and were successfully rebred. Milk production was not different from control animals. Birth weights of calves from dams exposed to 250 mg PBB/head/day were significantly greater than calves of dams exposed to 0 mg or 0.25 mg/head/day. PBB exposure of dams produced no detrimental effects on calves as indicated by clinical signs, clinicopathologic changes, or performance.
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PMID:Effects of PBBs on cattle. I. Clinical evaluations and clinical chemistry. 21 5

This study investigated an hypothesis which states that primiparas who have had a previous elective abortion would experience a higher incidence of depressive reactions postpartum that primiparas who had not. The experimental group consisted of 48 gravida 2, para 1, and the control group of gravida 1, para 1 included 25 women. All were interviewed 6-8 weeks postpartum, and data were tabulated in a 2 x 2 table. A chi-squared test of the hypothesis was equivalent to a significance level of P=.39, with a 1-tailed test and with 1 degree of freedom. Therefore, the data showed no significant differences between the 2 groups studied. This was further supported by the low coefficient of contingency (C=.03) which indicated little correlation between depression and prior abortion. In addition, there were no differences among the 2 groups in mean depressive scores with respect to other variables such as planned pregnancy, preferred infant sex, identified obstetrical problems, help at home, the baby blues, or an identified sad event. Spontaneous comments from the previously aborted women suggested that anxiety during pregnancy concerning the infants' health was a greater source of discomfort than was postpartum depression.
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PMID:The relationship between previous elective abortions and postpartum depressive reactions. 25 66

Discussion focuses on the utilization of program consultation by a nurse clinical specialist on 1 unit of a large military hospital. The system dysfunction concerned a lack of total nursing care for abortion patients. The program consultation process carried out to assist the nursing staff in dealing with problems in providing care and emotional support for these patients is described. Program consultation is the process whereby an individual with expert clinical skills provides assistance in resolving a system dysfunction. At a meeting on the gynecology unit with the head nurse, several unit staff nurses, the section social worker, and 2 physician residents, several issues were raised. The staff noted that it was not uncommon for the patients to be hysterical both during and after the procedure. The group identified a pressing need to improve nursing care for these patients, particularly in the area of offering emotional support. The staff indicated that patients received little counseling or health education. Additionally, both the medical and nursing staff experienced personal conflicts about the care of these patients. Since comprehensive staff involvement throughout the abortion process was missing, it appeared the dysfunction involved the total system of care. The consultation process is generally comprised of 3 main phases: involvement of the consultant; problem solving; and a closing or culmination. The 1st step in the involvement phase was agreement to assist the consultees in the development of an abortion counseling program. The next step was to obtain approval for the plan. This was followed by negotiating the consultation objectives with the staff. 2 primary objectives were identified: to provide emotional support to abortion patients; and to assist the staff in developing an abortion counseling program. Trust building begins as the consultees start to share limited information about their system's dysfunction. When the consultees started talking in more detail about specific system concerns, problem solving began. During the problem solving process, it became apparent that the staff's thoughts and feelings about abortion were the inhibiting factor which prevented them from providing comprehensive care. The issue of abortion evoked moral, philosophical, and emotional responses within the staff members. As a total group, the staff attempted to decrease their anxiety by using 4 major patterns: acting out; somaticizing, psychosomatic disorders; freezing to the spot, withdrawal depression; and using anxiety in a positive manner in the service of learning. The task during the problem solving phase was to channel the staff's anxiety into a positive direction. The 1st intervention was to demonstrate that the patients could receive comprehensive care. Focus was on the psychosocial aspects while encouraging staff to provide additional supportive care. At the time the program consultation ended, 90% of the patients were receiving counseling and emotional support from the nursing staff.
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PMID:Program consultation by a clinical specialist. 26 1

A comparison was made between the physical and emotional changes experienced by patients, nursing personnel, and physicians with 2 different mid-trimester abortion techniques. 250 dilatation and extraction (D and E) procedures under general anesthesia were compared with abortions by intraamniotic injection of prostaglandins. The only major difference between the 2 sets of patients was that the amnio patients were further along in their pregnancies. At a 3-week follow-up interview, the patients differed significantly in their reactions. The D and E group had fewer complications and described the procedure as minor surgery which went smoothly. The amnio group had experienced more pain and had greater feelings of guilt, anger, and depression. The floor nursing personnel felt anger at being abandoned by the doctors to deal alone, usually in the middle of the night, with the difficult experience of an amnio delivery of a dead fetus. Operating room nurses and doctors found the D and E procedure distasteful and emotionally disturbing. Doctors perferred to perform amnio procedures and not be involved at the time of delivery. The authors' experience leads them to conclude that the D and E procedure is safer, less painful, quicker, more convenient, and less expensive for the patient than the amnio procedure. The psychological problems doctors experience with dismemberment of the fetus may be relieved with development of new techniques.
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PMID:The impact of midtrimester abortion techniques on patients and staff. 47 78

Among 63 women questioned one year after a first trimester abortion at an outpatient clinic, over 75 percent had mature, well-considered reasons for having chosen abortion and felt secure in their decision. Their feelings and attitudes toward themselves and abortion were strongly positive, with a few expressions of unresolved guilt, regret, or depression. They had become more responsible about contraceptive use, more interested in planning future pregnancies, and had experienced little change in sexual habits. Although only 21 percent (13 women) had employed contraception when they became pregnant, 76 percent (48 women) were using effective methods of birth control one year after abortion. Furthermore, over one third felt they were better able to deal with problems and had learned more about their coping capacity as a result of the crisis.
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PMID:Post-abortion attitudes and patterns of birth control. 47 86

Although permissive abortion has been advocated on the grounds it will reduce the prevalence of child abuse and infanticide, there is no evidence to prove it has. There is a growing concern that it may have contributed to the problem. This article outlines eight possible methods whereby an increasing rate of abortion will lead to an increasing rate of abuse. There is evidence that an abortion results in depression which hinders mother-infant bonding in a subsequent pregnancy. An abortion of the first pregnancy may interrupt the developing bonding mechanism and interfere with the ability to bond to the next infant. If the hypothesis is correct, medicine by endorsing abortion on request may be jeopardizing the safety and care of a large number of children.
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PMID:Relationship between abortion and child abuse. 51 27

There is already a vast literature on the problem of psychological sequelae of induced abortion; however information on their duration, evolution, and treatment is not consistent, and their incidence varies from 1% to 89% according to different authors. The most recent publications report such incidence comparable to that of general mental problems in a given population. Psychological complications include remorse, regret, guilt feelings, anxiety, depression; some or all of these can be considered a normal reaction, unless they become severe. It would perhaps be advisable to emotionally prepare women undergoing abortion, either by giving them anatomical or physiological explanations, or by diminishing their anxiety and passivity. An improved psychological contact among patients, doctors, and social workers could greatly diminish psychological sequelae, and contribute to the well being of the patients.
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PMID:[Psychological seavelae of the termination of pregnancy and their prevention]. 54 38

A study of oral contraceptive (o.c.) and IUD use among single nulliparae, 14-18 years of age, is presented. 100 women were prescribed a combination preparation, and Copper T IUDs were inserted in 100 women. 33%-40% had not previously used any form of contraception. 9 of the o.c. group and 14 of the IUD group had undergone abortion before. There were no pregnancies in either group throughout the observation period of 955 months for the o.c. group and 1134 months for the IUD group. The most common side effects in the o.c. group were weight gain, depression, nausea, and decreased libido; 44 reported no side effects. Pain increased menstrual bleeding, and fluor were the most commonly reported side effects in the IUD group; 21 reported no side effects. The IUDs were expelled in 17 cases, in 12 of which they were immediately reinserted. 4 cases of salpingitis were reported in the IUD group. 68 in the IUD group said they were satisfied with the contraceptive method, compared to 59 in the o.c. group. The continuation rate was 75% for the IUD group after an average 13.2 months of observation and 55% in the o.c. group after an average 12.7 months of observation.
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PMID:[Comparison between the combined pill and intrauterine device in nulliparae under the age of 19]. 65 57


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