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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Assessed the impact of difficulty forming an occupational dream and relating to parents on depression among college students in their late teens and early twenties. Becoming independent of parents and forming an occupational dream are seen as two central issues during this period of life. Results from 64 students suggest that having to give up a valued dream, viewing one's relation to mother as authority-obeyer, and doing little exploring of occupational choices are related significantly to depression (p less than .0004). The significance of these results is discussed in light of theories of depression and the possible importance of different parenting styles for young adults who are facing the early adult transition.
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PMID:Occupational dream, relation to parents and depression in the early adult transition. 648 Aug 60

One of the most controversial issue concerning chronic insomnia is its association with psychopathology. Many patients tend to present their sleep disturbances as isolated, whereas others admit that they have difficulties in other sectors of their life too. If psychopathology exists in chronic insomnia, it should manifest itself in the form of defensive mechanisms which can be clinically observed. In order to have information concerning this problem, the initial interview of patients with chronic insomnia has been analysed in every details, in order to detect behavioural features and characteristics of verbal expression, indicating that defense mechanisms are working. A group of 100 patients from the specialized consultation for sleep disorders has been studied They were referred by their physicians. The patients with a somatic disease or a psychiatric condition corresponding to a diagnostic on axis I of DSM III-R were not included. The patients with a form of insomnia corresponding to psychophysiological insomnia, idiopathic insomnia or sleep state misperception of the international classification were included in this sample. For all patients except 2 of them, the initial interview was audiovisually recorded. This interview aimed at establishing the clinical features of the disturbance, the psychiatric and somatic condition as well as the history of the trouble and the treatment taken at the time or attempted in the past. After an initial open query: "what seems to be the problem?", a semi-structured interview was conducted to obtain information about nocturnal sleep, daytime condition, dream and parasomnia, the history of the disturbance and the treatment. Anxiety and depression, as well as other psychiatric conditions were systematically investigated. Under these conditions, the patients showed from the very beginning of the interview, noticeable characteristics in their behaviour and verbal expression. Therefore, it is essentially the first 10 minutes of the interview that have been analysed. One exception was regressive weepiness, which usually appeared later in the interview. The audio-visual recording was analysed two times, two months apart, and a number of individual traits have been scored for presence or absence. Only the most obvious traits have been scored. In the behavioural presentation of the patient, detachment, eye avoidance and distant attitude were most commonly observed. Many patients also showed some signs of tension and anxiety. The other traits were smile, immobility of the body posture, incessant movements and tics, bored attitude, mannerism, difficulties to concentrate, retardation or weepiness. The formal characteristics on verbal expression can indicate logorrhea, or in contrast very parcimonious expression, precipitated elocution which makes the patient difficult to understand, or montonous voice. From the point of view of verbal content, the speech is often vague, hesitant, dispersed or superficial, the patient going rapidly from one line to the next one. Some patients have problems to focus on what they want to explain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Initial contact in clinical interview with patients suffering from chronic insomnia]. 798 4

To test for a possible mood-regulatory function of dreaming, the dream reports of 61 subjects undergoing divorce were scored for their dream-like quality (DLQ), and a difference score (DLQd) was computed between the content of rapid eye movement (REM) period 1 and the mean of the subsequent dreams of the night. Subjects with reduced latency to the first REM period had enhanced first dream DLQ scores in relation to the mean of later dreams (DLQd+ score). Those with DLQd+ had significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Depressed subjects with DLQd+ showed significantly lower mean BDI scores at followup assessment. Implications for a psychological function of dreaming are discussed.
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PMID:Early REM sleep: a compensatory change in depression? 820 71

In this preliminary and exploratory study, we collected the dream reports and mood ratings of 6 outpatients with bipolar disorder over a 6-month period to compare the relationship between dream themes and mood states. We found that neutral mood states were associated with mundane, routine or uneventful dreams while manic states featured bizarre and improbable dream themes. Neither depressed nor mixed states showed a consistent trend in dream themes. By categorizing the dreams that preceded mood shifts, we were able to identify a particular type of dream that seemed to precede a mood shift, particularly in the direction of mania. Shifts to mania were heralded by dreams of death and bodily injury. Forthcoming depression was more clearly associated with a decrease in overall number of dreams reported. The significance of dreaming in relation to mood is discussed in terms of these preliminary findings and our bipolar dream scale is offered for the convenience of subsequent investigators.
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PMID:Prevailing mood, mood changes and dreams in bipolar disorder. 855 86

REM sleep and dreaming may play a crucial role in the processing of affect. In a recent study, we demonstrated that dream content is related to prevailing mood state and that certain types of dream precede upward mood changes in bipolar disorder (manic-depression). To replicate and extend initial findings, we monitored sleep, dream content and mood, in both bipolar and unipolar patients hospitalized for depression. All patients (n = 24) were recruited in a depressed state. During this trial, subjects reported their dreams and rated their mood each morning. They also had their sleep recorded intermittently using the Nightcap, a compact computerized home sleep monitoring device. We found that: (i) REM latency tends to increase as the mood improves in bipolars but is stable (and even decreases with mood improvements) in unipolar depressives; (ii) dream content continues to systematically relate to prevailing mood state, but the patterns seen are different in unipolars and bipolars; (iii) dreams of death are frequent in bipolar disorder and mark the transition of a mood shift upward.
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PMID:Dreaming away depression: the role of REM sleep and dreaming in affective disorders. 896 Oct 40

1. Cyclothymia is characterized by pronounced but not debilitating shifts of moods often lasting approximately two to nine weeks. 2. It can be classified as a psychopathologic mood disorder on a continuum to Bipolar II, or as a chronobiologic rhythm similar to the circadian except on an infradian time scale. 3. A male subject diagnosed cyclothymic agreed to daily chart moods and emotions, record dreams and monitor physical states. He kept track of hypomania-depression, high-low energy, high-low tension, dream affect and sleep parameters. 4. In the 1,006 affective cycles recorded between 1977 and 1996, four affective phases appeared sequentially: being comparable to early hypomania (I, PA), late hypomania (II, PD), early depression (III, ND) and late depression (IV, NA). 5. During the experiment lasting 20 years, the frequency of the four-phase affective cycle increased intermittently from 30.3 days (1977) to 28.0 days (1980), 24.7 days (1983), 19.0 days (1986), 17.8 days (1989), 12.1 days (1992), and 1.3 days (1995). 6. These findings of a four-phase variable infradian rhythm may have utility in determining fine structure and time course of rhythms in cyclothymics, both medicated and non-medicated, studied outside the clinical laboratory.
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PMID:20-year chronobiologic study of a middle-aged cyclothymic male subject. 900 40

The present study investigated dream recall frequency and dream content of patients with insomnia in comparison to healthy controls. Patients' dream recall frequency was elevated, due mainly to their heightened frequency of nocturnal awakenings. Dream content seems to reflect waking life stressors found in these patients, i.e. dream emotions were more negative and dreams were characterized by themes of depression, 'negatives' in self-description and health themes. Patients taking antidepressants showed lower dream recall frequency than patients without any medication; benzodiazepine intake, however, did not affect dream recall frequency. Both drug groups reported more positively toned dreams than drug-free patients. It is suggested that future studies should use more dreams per subject in order to reduce error variance of the dream content measures and more detailed measures of waking life stress.
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PMID:Dreaming and insomnia: dream recall and dream content of patients with insomnia. 978 74

To test the hypothesis that REM sleep and/or dreams contribute to overnight mood regulation, 61 subjects were tested on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and for 3 nights of monitored sleep on two occasions, once close to, and 1 year after, a marital separation. Forty-nine percent of the variance in the follow-up BDI could be accounted for by the initial BDI score, and three sleep and dream variables associated with the mood regulatory hypothesis: eye movement density in the first REM, strength of the affect in the first dream and total number of negative dreams recalled from REM awakenings. Among the 39 who met BDI depression criteria initially, 71.8% could be classified correctly as remitted or not remitted at follow-up by discriminant function analysis based on the presence of negative dreams the first vs. second half of the night. Subjects reporting more negative dreams at the beginning and fewer at the night's end were more likely to be in remission 1 year later than were those with fewer negative dreams at the beginning and more at the end of the night. Early negative dreams may reflect a within-sleep mood regulation process taking place, while those that occur later may indicate a failure in the completion of this process.
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PMID:Role of REM sleep and dream variables in the prediction of remission from depression. 979 40

To test that REM sleep and/or dreaming aid in the overnight regulation of negative mood, 60 student subjects, selected to have no current or past episodes of depression, were tested with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after two nights of laboratory sleep. There was a significant overnight effect of sleep on the Depression scale (Dep) both on a sleep-through night and a night of REM awakenings for dream recall. Pre-sleep Dep was significantly correlated with the affect in the first REM report. Although Dep scores were truncated due to the screening criteria, a subgroup of the 10 highest scorers differed from the 50 low scorers in the distribution of dream affect categories across the night. Low scorers displayed a flat distribution of positive and negative affect in dreams, while those with some pre-sleep depressed mood showed a pattern of decreasing negative and increasing positive affect in dreams reported from successive REM periods. This suggests that dreaming may actively moderate mood overnight in normal subjects.
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PMID:Role of REM sleep and dream affect in overnight mood regulation: a study of normal volunteers. 982 45

Dream affect and cognition are examined in a 4-month longitudinal study of depressed, recently divorced subjects. Several measures of cognition in dream reports were used to determine whether remitting subjects were more likely to utilize certain cognitive strategies than nonremitters. No differences were found in the cognition between those who were remitting and nonremitting subjects. Levels of cognition in dreaming were directly related to the emotional intensity of the dreams across all subjects. In subjects with higher depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory > 20), depression levels were inversely related to both dream affect and cognition. It is argued that cognition plays a secondary role in dream production. A modification of David Foulkes's model of dreaming is proposed, in which emotional intensity drives associative processes, which in turn require more elaborate cognitive devices to relate diverse activated mnemonic units.
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PMID:Affect and cognition in dreams: a critique of the cognitive role in adaptive dream functioning and support for associative models. 1085 58


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