Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The functions and dysfunctions of slow wave sleep and of REM sleep and its associated dreams have a tremendous significance in understanding the psychosomatic model of illness and in establishing preventive strategies. Ten patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic illnessess spent 3-4 nights sleeping at the Dream Laboratory. A psychiatric evaluation was carried out and those suffering from schizophrenia, severe depression, acute stage of physical illness and organic deficits were not accepted for the study. It was postulated that increased psychosomatic 'penetrance' as measured by poverty of fantasy life, feelings of helplessness, absence of dream reports, vacant and contrived emotional expression and poor psychological mindedness would be correlated with psychological test results (IPAT anxiety Scale and Zung Depression Rating Scale), manifest dream content analysis and particular REM and stage 4 deficit. The higher psychosomatic 'penetrance' in our study was not found in all patients with a psychosomatic diagnosis but rather in those patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. The degree of 'penetrance' was related to specific physiological, psychological and interpersonal parameters. Based on these findings a spectrum of clinical and physiological criteria of selection for particular therapeutic intervention was presented.
 ...
PMID:An integrative model for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The place of sleep and dreams revisited. 19 60

This second paper on the reassociation of dreams confirms 1. the value of reassociating a key dream (The Beetle Bug Dream) and 2. the use of lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD) as an adjunct to psychoanalytic therapy. The patient (Joyce) was a young mother whose very severe eczema and asthma were accompanied by an incapacitating depression. The following summary of the three interviews indicate briefly the psychodynamic materials developed which helped Joyce uncover her confused sexual identifications and fear of lesbianism. In Interview 96 the initial Beetle Bug Dream was studied cautiously. On analysis the tentacles of the Beetle Bugs symbolically represented the hands of a man mauling a girl's skin. A sexual approach by a man is considered an attack. "Bugs get under the skin. If Jack (my husband) touches my skin, that spot itches." A second Beetle Bug is described. The special aspect of this unique Bug is that it was not threatening. This Bug is discussed in terms of the transference: the silent analyst and a father who responded to her childhood travail by silence are compared. Reassociation of the Beetle Bug Dream without LSD took place one year later. The session (Interview 235) lasted about 45 minutes and the verbatim recording occupied 12 typewritten pages. Free association led to the realization that the patient was programmed in part to identify with her father--a silent, passive individual. It was apparent that a psychological struggle for femininity, induced by the confused identification led to a threat of penetration by the sting of the Beetle Bug and, where a man was involved, penetration by the penis. Interview 236 (three days later) was conducted under LSD 25. The Beetle Bug Dream again formed the basis of this interview, which lasted four hours and occupied 46 pages of typewritten, verbatim material. A new feeling of independence from maternal influence is felt. "It used to be if I just thought of her, I could start scratching." The relationship with her husband is complicated by "deep, dark secrets." She is afraid of her husband. Her mother emphasized she was "one" with her father. Contact with aggressive males during adolescence, as well as seductive episodes were disturbing. In camp she feared that she might be a lesbian. This fear persisted into adult life. The threat of the Beetle Bug sting is developed further. Hostile feelings toward the penis are revealed in detail, The part of the penis in the vagina could be chopped off--the penis was what the sting of the Beetle Bug would be if it penetrated the skin. The bridegroom attacks the bride. An unwanted pregnancy is equivalent to the broken sting remaining in the skin. These revelations led to insight regarding unusual violent anger toward her child during toilet training. The data support the view that publication of verbatim recordings are a necessary condition for establishing psychoanalytic procedures as a basic science of medicine and of the validity of psychodynamic theory...
 ...
PMID:Reassociation of dreams. II. An LSD study of sexual conflicts in eczema and asthma. 101 Aug 10

Giuseppe R. Brera's B-test was used in a group of students from upper secondary school (102 male adolescents and 86 females) in order to carry out a preliminary standardisation in centiles and to assess the pattern of the seven scales of the test: mood, anxiety, interpersonal affectivity, sociability, autonomy of ego, strength of ego and guilt in adolescents. Factorial analysis by multiple correspondence was used in the same group of adolescents, with the exception of a subgroup of 20 14-year-old students from lower secondary school. The latter was carried out to assess the efficacy of the test in identifying groups of adolescents using the standard association of positive or negative methods of presenting the 44 variables and the free replies to the questions: what do you dream about, what do you look at, what do you advise. Standardisation in centiles allowed indicative risk scores for mental health to be defined for each factor, with the exception of the anxiety factor in males which appears to be a relatively widespread phenomenon in adolescent. Fewer adolescent females suffer from problems of depression, anxiety, interpersonal affectivity and sociability, whereas adolescent males present a smaller number of problems related to the autonomy of the ego, the strength of the ego and guilt. In line with previous works, the test identified 26% of adolescent males and 23% of adolescent females suffering from various in terms of the mean scores from the different factors. For the first time to our knowledge, multiple correspondence analysis identified nine groups of adolescents distributed along two factorial axes: 1 = mood, 2 = interpersonal affectivity. Groups 1 and 2 were characterized by being contrary to the other negative methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[First applications of a new projective-semantic test. Various considerations on standardization in a sample of adolescents]. 140 62

The hypotheses that psychopathology is related to nightmare distress but not nightmare frequency and that cognitive style is related to nightmare frequency were examined. The sample consisted of 85 subjects (58 women and 27 men) who completed several measures: a sleep and dream inventory, Symptom Check List-90-R, Fear Survey Schedule-II, Beck Depression Inventory, an abbreviated version of the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Vividness of Visual Imagery, an absorption scale, a social desirability scale, and the Boundaries Questionnaire. The results strongly support the first hypothesis but only slightly the second. Such findings underscore the need to differentiate nightmare frequency from suffering (waking distress associated with nightmares) and suggest that although frequency may be related to an intensification of dreaming process, suffering is related to waking emotional adjustment.
 ...
PMID:Nightmare frequency versus nightmare distress: relations to psychopathology and cognitive style. 150 Jun 19

Dreams of 20 college women classified as depressed by scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were compared with those of 21 nondepressed college women. The depressed group recalled fewer dreams, had significantly shorter dream length, and displayed less anger in their dreams. They also had fewer characters in their dreams and especially fewer strangers.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of dream content of depressed vs nondepressed dreamers. 159 65

It could be expected that the various stages of sleep were reflected in variation of the overall level of cerebral activity and thereby in the magnitude of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The elusive nature of sleep imposes major methodological restrictions on examination of this question. We have now measured CBF and CMRO2 in young healthy volunteers using the Kety-Schmidt technique with 133Xe as the inert gas. Measurements were performed during wakefulness, deep sleep (stage 3/4), and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep as verified by standard polysomnography. Contrary to the only previous study in humans, which reported an insignificant 3% reduction in CMRO2 during sleep, we found a deep-sleep-associated statistically highly significant 25% decrease in CMRO2, a magnitude of depression according with studies of glucose uptake and reaching levels otherwise associated with light anesthesia. During REM sleep (dream sleep) CMRO2 was practically the same as in the awake state. Changes in CBF paralleled changes in CMRO2 during both deep and REM sleep.
 ...
PMID:Cerebral O2 metabolism and cerebral blood flow in humans during deep and rapid-eye-movement sleep. 188 54

The failure of dream psychology to delineate clear, consistent and interesting correlates of dream recall presents serious difficulties for the claim that dream recall is functionally significant. The present study examined the relation of six indices of boundary functioning and four measures of life affect to the consistency and frequency of dream recall in 373 young adults. Factor analysis indicated that consistency and frequency of dream recall were unrelated to global measures of boundary functioning, stress, depression, hassles and uplifts. On the assumption that the correlates of dream recall might be specific rather than global, 34 items from our expanded boundary questionnaire having significant zero order correlations with the frequency of dream recall were factor analyzed separately for consistent and inconsistent recallers. The two factors in each analysis were quite similar. Factor one was called the Imagination, factor two, Illusion. Among consistent recallers, dream recall and a group of items called "tough mindedness" loaded on the Imagination factor. For inconsistent recallers similar variables loaded on the Illusion factor. For all subjects, dream recall and tough mindedness were linked whether associated with Imagination or Illusion. The Imagination factor is creative and linked to dream recall for consistent recallers. Their illusion factor is frightening. For inconsistent recallers, the Illusion factor is linked to dreaming and is not frightening, and their Imagination factor is not creative. The stability-instability of dream generation and recall over time apparently results in the association of the dream recall tough-mindedness group of items with either the Imagination or Illusion factors.
 ...
PMID:Dream recall: imagination, illusion and tough-mindedness. 237 90

The author reports findings from recent psychophysiological and biochemical research on Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Applying these data and the analogy of the known functional and structural defects in the peripheral (cranial) sensory system consequent to high-intensity stimulation, he hypothesizes that cortical neuronal and synaptic changes occur in posttraumatic stress disorder as the consequence of excessive and prolonged sensitizing stimulation leading to depression of habituating learning. He postulates that the "constant" symptoms of the disorder are due to the changes in the agonistic neuronal system which impair cortical control of hindbrain structures concerned with aggressive expression and the sleep-dream cycle.
 ...
PMID:A neuropsychological hypothesis explaining posttraumatic stress disorders. 360 49

The manifest dream content of psychiatric in-patients who had been admitted because of suicidal attempts was compared with three in-patient control groups, patients who had been admitted for: a) depression and suicidal ideation without attempt; b) depression with no suicidal ideation and; c) commission of a violent act without suicidality. Standardized tests of dream content were used as well as the Beck scale for depression and certain subscales of the MMPI. The results confirmed that both suicidal and violent patients have more death content and destructive violence in their dreams, but that this was a function of the severity of depression and certain character traits such as impulsivity rather than being specific to the behaviour itself. The dream content is continuous with, and probably reflects, the waking state in the case of the depressives. On the other hand some of the findings require a more complex dynamic explanation lending some support to the idea that the dream may have an adaptive function.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of the manifest content in dreams of suicidal, depressed and violent patients. 394 5

To investigate the dream characteristics associated with a major life change, 29 women (ages 30-55) undergoing divorce were studied six nights in a sleep laboratory. The group was stratified on a self-report depression scale (the Beck Depression Inventory) into a depressed (N = 19, mean = 23.2) and nondepressed (N = 10, mean = 8.2) group and compared to a nondepressed married group who had never considered divorce. The dreams of those divorcing without major mood upset were longer and dealt with a wider time frame than those of the other two groups. They also dealt with marital status issues which were absent in the dreams of the depressed group. On follow-up those who had been depressed showed positive dream changes in mood, dreamlike quality, and identification of dream self with the marital role. The study suggests that some dream characteristics respond adaptively during life changes but that this is delayed when subjects are depressed. This raises the possibility of a corrective intervention for such persons.
 ...
PMID:Broken dreams: a study of the effects of divorce and depression on dream content. 647 73


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>