Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011206 (delirium)
 5,996 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Antidepressant withdrawal symptoms, following abrupt or gradual discontinuation of antidepressants, include general somatic distress (flu-like syndromes, gastro-intestinal disturbances, myalgias, headache, chills, weakness and rhinorrhea), anxiety, agitation, sleep disturbances, movement disorders, cardiac arrhythmias, delirium and manic reactions. Two cases of delirium, an hypomanic reaction and two general distress and movement disorders are reported. Cases 1 and 2 required admission to a general hospital. The etiology of the delirium was difficult to assess as long as the clinicians did not know that patients were taking antidepressants. Case 3 corresponds to the paradoxical activation following antidepressant interruption. Cases 4 and 5 constitutes light withdrawal syndromes. Most of cases are probably unrecognized. These cases reflect the importance in daily practice of the phenomena. It can be concluded from our study that: antidepressants must not be abruptly discontinued when a somatic disease appears. When a patient treated with a psychotropic drug develops delirium, the withdrawal of antidepressant must be suspected and the prescribing physician contacted to know what kind of psychoactive medication was prescribed.
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PMID:[Withdrawal syndrome from antidepressive drugs. Report of 5 cases]. 129 96

Infectious psychoses were studied clinically in 60 children divided into three age groups: 3-7 years, 7-12 years and 12-17 years. Acute respiratory diseases, influenza, tonsillitis, otitis were the etiologic factors of psychoses. Short-term delirium states characterized by visual and tactile hallucinations prevailed in the first group. Affective-asthenic syndromes prevailed in the second group children. Their psychoses were characterized by both visual and acoustic illusions. Protracted or periodical disorders of the consciousness including psychosensory, senestopathic and depersonalization ones prevailed in the third group.
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PMID:[Age and infectious psychoses in children and adolescents]. 685 89

We report a case of progressive dementia and prolonged gait disturbance correlated with influenza A/H3N2 infection in 91-year-old female patient, admitted because of in ability to take care of herself due to aging and cerebral infarction. At admission, conversation and comprehension were not significantly impaired, and she was able to walk by herself. Flu symptoms such as high grade fever, chills, arthralgia, and cough appeared after a short stay at home. Influenza A/ H3N2 was confirmed serologically. Delirium occurred on the sixth day after influenza onset, persisted for three weeks, followed by recovery. Dementia symptoms such as memory defects and disorientation continued and did not improve. Due to this febrile episode, she was unable to walk unassisted. The results of computed tomography performed before and after the influenza episode were unremarkable for additional cellebro-vascular events during the observed period. Influenza infection may be an important risk factor for reducing the quality of life in the elderly. In geriatric cases, influenza should not be treated as a mere transient illness, but rather one which has important consequences for the elderly population, including the possibility of life threatening complications.
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PMID:[A case of an elderly patient with dementia and gait disturbance associated with influenza]. 933 34

Encephalitis lethargica (EL) was a mysterious epidemic. temporally associated with the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. Numerous symptoms characterized this disease, including headache, diplopia, fever, fatal coma, delirium, oculogyric crisis, lethargy, catatonia, and psychiatric symptoms. Many patients who initially recovered subsequently developed profound, chronic parkinsonism. The etiologic association of influenza with EL is controversial. Five acute EL autopsies and more than 70 postencephalitic parkinsonian autopsies were available in the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) tissue repository. Two of these 5 acute EL cases had histopathologic changes consistent with that diagnosis. The remaining 3 cases were classified as possible acute EL cases as the autopsy material was insufficient for detailed histopathologic examination. RNA lysates were prepared from 29 CNS autopsy tissue blocks from the 5 acute cases and 9 lysates from blocks containing substantia nigra from 2 postencephalitic cases. RNA recovery was assessed by amplification of beta-2-microglobulin mRNA and 65% of the tissue blocks contained amplifiable RNA. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for influenza matrix and nucleoprotein genes was negative in all cases. Thus, it is unlikely that the 1918 influenza virus was neurotropic and directly responsible for the outbreak of EL.
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PMID:Influenza RNA not detected in archival brain tissues from acute encephalitis lethargica cases or in postencephalitic Parkinson cases. 1170 41

Influenza is an important cause of acute respiratory illness among older adults in general and within the nursing home in particular. Epidemics typically are reported in the late fall and throughout the winter. In the nursing home, vaccination may not prevent clinical illness but can reduce the risk of pneumonia, hospitalization, and death. Atypical presentations, including delirium and nonspecific functional changes, are common in older patients. Rapid diagnosis is imperative, as early antiviral treatment and prophylaxis can control a nursing home outbreak.
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PMID:Influenza. How to prevent and control nursing home outbreaks. 1180 56

Children who present delirium associated with high fever may develop with encephalitis or encephalopathy, especially in influenza infection. The aim of this study is to differentiate the patients with the central nervous infection or with the parasomnias from benign transient delirium in patients who visit the emergency room complaining of illusions. Ten patients aged from 2 to 7 years were enrolled in this study. There were 2 patients with central nervous infection, one with encephalo-myelitis due to mycoplasma infection and one with acute necrotizing encephalopathy due to influenza infection. The remaining 8 patients had benign delirium associated with high fever which disappeared in a self-limiting manner. Three patients had a febrile seizure (FS) and 4 patients had family history of FS. The points to differentiate the delirium with parasomnias from benign type is fearful expression, positive past history, autonomic nerve symptoms. Delirium consisted of visual hallucination, and occurred in association with sleep except in the patients with encephalopathy who became delirious when they were awake. Abnormal neurological findings such as meningeal signs and disturbed consciousness, appearance of delirium in the waking state, and marked slowing in the EEG background activity were considered to be warning factors useful in differentiating the benign type from the delirium with central nervous infection.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis in children having delirium associated with high fever]. 1287 7

The clinical characteristics and electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in delirious behavior in children with influenza were studied in order to differentiate it from influenza-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy. Fifteen consecutive children with delirious behavior associated with influenza were investigated. Their clinical courses were investigated using medical records. EEG was obtained during the delirious behavior, when possible. The body temperature during the delirious behavior was 39.0 degrees C or higher in 13 children. A subtle reduction of consciousness was observed in 10 children. Seizures were observed in five children. EEG revealed some mildly abnormal findings in 13 children, including mild slowing of the background activity, insertion of semirhythmic high voltage slow waves, and appearance of relatively high voltage semirhythmic theta waves. The EEG findings normalized after the delirious behavior had disappeared. EEG revealed transient and mild abnormalities in children with delirious behavior but without encephalitis/encephalopathy, and thus might be useful for diagnostic evaluation in such condition.
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PMID:Delirious behavior in children with influenza: its clinical features and EEG findings. 1586 89

Rhabdomyolysis is found to be associated with trauma; alcohol; drugs; viral infections, such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and influenza; metabolic disorders; dermatomyositis; polymyositis; and hypothyroidism. Few cases of rhabdomyolysis associated with thyrotoxicosis have been reported. A patient who presented with delirium to the emergency department and was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis and rhabdomyolysis is hereby presented.
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PMID:A case of rhabdomyolysis associated with thyrotoxicosis. 1592 53

(1) Oseltamivir is an antiviral drug used for influenza. It has only been tested in children to a limited extent. (2) A few deaths have been reported in children receiving oseltamivir, in some cases due to neurological causes. All of these deaths occurred in Japan. The European Medicines Agency has described 2 deaths, both attributed to suicide, in adolescents aged 14 and 17 who were taking oseltamivir. Both patients had developed behavioural disorders before their death. (3) According to the US Food and Drug Administration, neuropsychiatric disorders were reported in 32 children (mainly in Japan), and include delirium, behavioural disorders, hallucinations, convulsions and confusion. (4) Disturbing neurological toxicity has been observed in young rats exposed to oseltamivir, leading the American and European agencies to warn against the use of oseltamivir in infants less than one year old. (5) Severe cutaneous adverse effects, including cases of Lyell syndrome, were reported in children taking oseltamivir. (6) In practice, oseltamivir is only modestly effective in the prevention of influenza and treatment of suspected influenza. There is no evidence of an effect on complications of the flu in adults or children at higher risk. The possibility of serious adverse effects should be weighed against the limited benefit of oseltamivir.
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PMID:Oseltamivir: cutaneous and neurological adverse effects in children. 1712 26

We experienced the mildest form of acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with influenza A. A previously healthy 13-year-old girl had mildly decreased consciousness and delirious behavior lasting for a week. Diffusion-weighted imaging showed mildly high signal intensities in the bilateral thalami, deep white matter in the centrum semiovale, and frontal lobes. Conventional T (1)- or T (2)-weighted images revealed no abnormalities.
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PMID:The mildest form of acute necrotizing encephalopathy associated with influenza A. 1717 55


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