Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011168 (dysphagia)
 15,644 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Asenapine sublingual is a novel atypical antipsychotic approved in August 2009 for the acute treatment of schizophrenia, as well as for manic or mixed episodes as part of adult bipolar I disorder. Asenapine's in vitro profile is similar to other atypical antipsychotic agents insofar as there is higher affinity for serotonin 5-HT(2A) versus dopamine D(2) receptors. Asenapine exhibits a unique effect on monoamine, histamine and muscarinic receptor affinities, as well as effects on NMDA and AMPA receptors. This pharmacodynamic signature may mediate its symptom relief in positive, negative and mood symptoms, as well as conferring upon this agent an improved tolerability and safety profile when compared with some atypical agents. Asenapine has a relatively low propensity for changes in metabolic parameters, body composition, sedation/somnolence and extrapyramidal side effects, and is not associated with prolactin elevation or clinically significant electrocardiographic changes. Asenapine is available only in sublingual formulation, which has advantages (e.g., patient acceptance, compliance, difficulty swallowing) as well as disadvantages (i.e., patients are encouraged not to eat or drink within 10 min of administration). Its efficacy in mania is unequivocally established as is the sustaining of its acute antimanic effect. Its antidepressant and recurrence prevention effects in bipolar disorder are under investigation, as is its possible role in major depressive disorder.
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PMID:Pharmacology and efficacy of asenapine for manic and mixed states in adults with bipolar disorder. 2042 Apr 86

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. While its cause remains elusive, much progress has been made regarding its treatment. Available drugs have a good symptomatic effect, but none has yet been shown to slow the progression of the disease in humans. The most efficacious drug is levodopa, but it remains unclear whether the symptomatic benefit is associated with neurotoxic effects and long-term deterioration. The long-term problem associated with levodopa is the appearance of dyskinesias, which is significantly delayed among patients treated with dopamine agonists as initial therapy. Less clear is the role of other drugs in PD, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), including selegiline and rasagiline, the putative N-meihyl-o-aspartaie (NMDA) receptor antagonists amantadine and memantine, and the muscarinic receptor blockers. All these may be used as initial therapy and delay the use of dopaminergic drugs, or can be added later to reduce specific symptoms (tremor or dyskinesias). Advanced PD is frequently associated with cognitive decline. To some extent, this can be helped by treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigmine. Similarly, hallucinations and delusions affect PD patients in the advanced stages of their disease. The use of classical neuroleptic drugs in these patients is contraindicated because of their extrapyramidal effects, but atypical drugs, and particularly clozapine, are very helpful. The big void in the therapy of PD lies in the more advanced stages. Several motor symptoms, like postural instability, dysphagia, and dysphonia, as well as dyskinesias, are poorly controlled by existing drugs. New therapies should also be developed against autonomic symptoms, particularly constipation.
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PMID:Drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. 2203 79