Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011168 (dysphagia)
 15,644 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We review recent studies on the central neural control of esophageal motility, emphasizing the anatomy and chemical coding of esophageal pathways in the spinal cord and medulla. Sympathetic innervation of the proximal esophagus is derived primarily from cervical and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia, whereas that of the lower esophageal sphincter and proximal stomach is derived from the celiac ganglion. In addition to noradrenaline, many sympathetic fibers in the esophagus contain neuropeptide Y (NPY), and both noradrenaline and NPY appear to decrease blood flow and motility. Preganglionic neurons innervating the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia are located at lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal levels. The preganglionic innervation of the celiac ganglion arises from lower thoracic spinal levels. Both acetylcholine (ACh) and enkephalin (ENK) have been localized in sympathetic preganglionic neurons, and it has been suggested that ENK acts to pre-synaptically inhibit ganglionic transmission. Spinal afferents from the esophagus are few, but have been described in lower cervical and thoracic dorsal root ganglia. A significant percentage contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). The central distribution of spinal afferents, as well as their subsequent processing within the spinal cord, have not been addressed. Medullary afferents arise from the nodose ganglion and terminate peripherally both in myenteric ganglia, where they have been postulated to act as tension receptors, and, to a lesser extent, in more superficial layers. Centrally, these afferents appear to end in a discrete part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) termed the central subnucleus. The transmitter specificity of the majority of these afferents remains unknown. The central subnucleus, in turn, sends a dense and topographically discrete projection to esophageal motor neurons in the rostral portion of the nucleus ambiguous (NA). Both somatostatin-(SS) and ENK-related peptides have been localized in this pathway. Finally, motor neurons from the rostral NA innervate striated portions of the esophagus. In addition to ACh, these esophageal motor neurons contain CGRP, galanin (GAL), N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The physiological effect of these peptides on esophageal motility remains unclear. Medullary control of smooth muscle portions of the esophagus have not been thoroughly investigated.
Dysphagia 1990
PMID:Central neural control of esophageal motility: a review. 220 57

Several neurotransmitters, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, enkephalin, calcitonin-gene related peptide (GGRP), substance P, as well as nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and the noradrenergic marker tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) were localized by immunocytochemistry in the cervical esophagus of rat. Nerve fibers containing the neuropeptides, NOS, and TH were distributed in the myenteric plexus, around muscle bundles and small blood vessels. Injection of the retrograde tracer True Blue (TB) into the cervical esophagus resulted in the appearance of labeled nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical, the stellate, the nodose, the sphenopalatine, the dorsal root ganglia at levels C2-C7, and in local ganglia close to the thyroid. Most of the TB-labeled nerve cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglia contained NPY. In the stellate ganglion, a few labeled nerve cell bodies contained VIP whereas an additional few cell bodies stored VIP. In local ganglia, the majority of labeled cell bodies contained VIP. In the nodose ganglion and cervical dorsal root ganglia, the majority of the labeled nerve cell bodies stored CGRP. The results indicate that the cervical esophagus has a dense innervation with multiple neurotransmitters emanating from several ganglia. As judged by the pattern of nerve fiber distribution, they may regulate esophageal peristalsis and blood flow, some of them possibly in a cooperative manner.
Dysphagia 1995
PMID:Distribution and origin of the peripheral innervation of rat cervical esophagus. 754 92