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Query: UMLS:C0011168 (dysphagia)
 15,644 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cervical vagal schwannomas are rare pediatric head and neck neoplasms that present a surgical challenge if the nerve is intimately involved with the mass. In some instances, resection of the vagus nerve with the mass is required. This will usually result in vocal cord paralysis and uncommonly dysphagia due to unilateral cricopharyngeal spasm. We present a case in which these two complications resulted in significant dysphagia and aspiration, which improved with expectant management.
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PMID:Prolonged cricopharyngeal muscle spasm after resection of the cervical vagus nerve in a 15-year-old. 1809 97

Oral medication is the simplest way in treatment of chronic pain. For cancer pain oral analgesics are efficacious in more than 90% of the patients. When a causal therapy of pain (e.g. chemotherapy, operation) fails an analgesic ladder with oral analgesics is instituted. This ladder starts with a non-narcotic analgesic in a sufficient dose. The regular dose of acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol is 4 g daily. When this dose does not work sufficiently, a weak opioid (e.g. dihydrocodeine) is given concomitantly at an individual dose. When the weak opioid fails, strong opioids are given (e.g. morphine). The drugs should be given by mouth whenever possible. The most important point is the regular application according to a time-schedule. This time-schedule is related to the action time of the drug. Patients with severe vomiting or dysphagia can receive a continuous subcutaneous infusion. These measures are based on recommendations of the WHO.The same medications can be employed in patients with chronic non-malignant pain, provided that all other conventional measures in pain treatment fail. However, many states of pain are not opioid-responsive. Pain related to the sympathetic nervous system is more responsive to antidepressants than to opioids or NSAID. Neuropathic pain as in trigeminal neuralgia responds to anticonvulsants. Pain from muscle spasm is better controlled by muscle relaxants than by analgesics. Bone pain is more sensitive to NSAID than to any other drug.In any state of pain the response to the different groups of drugs should be evaluated first. Then a stepwise pharmacological approach should be performed. In most cases pain can be treated effectively by oral drugs.
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PMID:[Not Available]. 1841 67

Elevated muscular tone associated with spastic syndromes can cause excessive contractility at the upper esophageal sphincter and impede swallowing. A 47-year-old male patient with spasticity predominantly of the lower extremities after a subarachnoid hemorrhage suffered from severe dysphagia and chronic salivary aspiration. He was dependent on a cuffed tracheostomy tube and a percutaneous enterogastric feeding tube. Barium swallow and esophageal manometry revealed cricopharyngeal spasm, while laryngeal elevation and pharyngeal contractility were well preserved. We endoscopically injected 180 MU botulinum toxin A into the cricopharyngeus muscle. Two days post injection, swallowing function had improved and oral nutrition was possible. This improvement lasted for six weeks. After another injection 8 weeks later, an undesired diffusion into the hypopharynx occurred and manometry showed diminished contractility without amelioration of dysphagia. Botulinum toxin therapy of cricopharyngeal spasm improves swallowing function in a subgroup of patients with spastic syndromes. The therapeutic effect is of limited duration. Toxin diffusion into the pharynx should be avoided. Manometry is useful in planning and monitoring the therapy.
Dysphagia 2008 Dec
PMID:Botulinum toxin a treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. 1843 65

Retropharyngeal calcific tendonitis is an inflammatory process of the superior oblique tendons of the longus colli muscle, a neck flexor in the upper cervical spine, caused by deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals; the definitive diagnostic test is computed tomography (CT). Presented in this article are two cases seen at our institution. Patients typically present with acute onset of neck pain/spasm, odynophagia, dysphagia, and/or low grade fevers. Leukocytosis and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be noted. It is important to understand this entity because its signs and symptoms are mimickers of those of the more serious condition of retropharyngeal space abscess. Calcific tendonitis is managed conservatively whereas retropharyngeal abscess requires incision and drainage. Some may argue that this entity is a zebra because its reported incidence in the literature is low. However, most of these studies were done in an era when CT was not yet in vogue. With today's widespread use of CT and its superb ability to visualize the calcification, the true incidence of this condition is probably higher and, thus, it is important for the family practitioner to be aware of this entity. The astute clinician may save the patient from unnecessary diagnostic workup, undue anxiety, and delays in hospital discharge.
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PMID:Retropharyngeal calcific tendonitis: report of two cases. 1912 39

Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults (EE) is a disease of unknown cause, characterized by symptoms such as reflux and dysphagia that traditionally do not respond to antacid treatment. It affects mostly young men with a strong personal or familial history of atopy asthma and allergies. We report three male patients aged 10, 14 and 15 years, all with symptoms of dysphagia, two of them with chest pain caused by spasm of the esophagus, with heterogeneous endoscopic findings which included from leucoplakia to stenosis that needed endoscopic dilatation. All of them had abnormal findings in immunity studies (prick test or IgE levels). They received treatment based on diet measures, acid suppression and leukotriene inhibitors, with satisfactory clinical, endoscopic and histological response. EE should be suspected in children and adults with esophageal symptoms and personal or family history of allergy and asthma.
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PMID:[Eosinophilic esophagitis: report of three cases]. 1970 56

Despite successful large-scale immunization programs in North America, there remains a significant population without active immunity to tetanus toxins because immunizations have been refused or delayed, and because of waning immunity. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy who presented to the emergency department with a chin laceration and a 7-day history of repeated falls of increasing frequency. We found this case to be associated with dysphagia and facial spasm, and we learned that the child had dropped a brick on his foot 2 weeks previously. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with tetanus and treated accordingly. Tetanus presentations to emergency departments may vary from mild muscular rigidity to advanced respiratory failure and thus clinicians should consider the diagnosis in various clinical presentations, especially in areas remote from advanced supportive care.
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PMID:An interesting presentation of pediatric tetanus. 2007 12

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most frequent benign disorder of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other defined disease entities, such as achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm, also belong to this group. In addition to surgical therapy, medicinal therapy also has an important role in all 3 of these disorders. Therefore, it is very important to follow precise indication criteria based on diagnostic evaluation and patient selection as well as to use an optimal operative technique.The therapeutic spectrum for achalasia varies from Botox injections and endoscopic dilatation to laparoscopic myotomy which achieves a success rate up to 90%.Patients with diffuse spasm suffer from severe dysphagia, thoracic pain and burning sensations and even respiratory problems. Surgical therapy consists of thoracoscopic long myotomy and in selective cases with persisting pain even esophagectomy and gastric pull-up.Therapeutic options for GERD predominantly involve conservative medicinal therapy with proton pump inhibitors and selective laparoscopic antireflux procedures. Minimally invasive techniques have led to a higher acceptance of surgical therapy. The two major procedures most frequently used are total Nissen fundoplication and posterior partial Toupet fundoplication.
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PMID:[Benign esophageal disorders. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, diffuse esophageal spasm, achalasia]. 2132 5

Among the ailments of the ocular region, the use of botulin has become established in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in Finland. Botulin has also been used successfully after peripheral facial palsy to improve facial symmetry, reduce lachrymal flow, treat dribbling of saliva as well as spasmodic dysphonia of laryngeal muscles. It may be effective in dysphagia caused by tightness of the upper esophageal sphincter or in several dyshidroses. Gastroenterologic indications include anal fissure and spasm and achalasia of the lower esophageal sphincter. In urology, botulin is effective in overactive bladder and incomplete voiding.
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PMID:[Applications of botulin]. 2223 21

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is an exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve end plates leading to inactivity of the muscles or glands innervated. Botox is best known for its beneficial role in facial aesthetics but recent literature has highlighted its usage in multiple non-cosmetic medical and surgical conditions. This article reviews the current evidence pertaining to Botox use in the head and neck. A literature review was conducted using The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline and EMBASE databases limited to English Language articles published from 1980 to 2012. The findings suggest that there is level 1 evidence supporting the efficacy of Botox in the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia, essential voice tremor, headache, cervical dystonia, masticatory myalgia, sialorrhoea, temporomandibular joint disorders, bruxism, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and rhinitis. For chronic neck pain there is level 1 evidence to show that Botox is ineffective. Level 2 evidence exists for vocal tics, trigeminal neuralgia, dysphagia and post-laryngectomy oesophageal speech. For stuttering, 'first bite syndrome', facial nerve paresis, Frey's syndrome, oromandibular dystonia and palatal/stapedial myoclonus the evidence is level 4. Thus, the literature highlights a therapeutic role for Botox in a wide range of non-cosmetic conditions pertaining to the head and neck (mainly level 1 evidence). With ongoing research, the spectrum of clinical applications and number of people receiving Botox will no doubt increase. Botox appears to justify its title as 'the poison that heals'.
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PMID:An evidence-based review of botulinum toxin (Botox) applications in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions. 2347 31

Tetanus is a potentially life-threatening infection that results from contamination of skin wound by Clostridium Tetani spores. Although, it remains an important health problem in developing countries without strict national immunization programs, this condition is rare in the developed world. The most frequent presenting symptoms are trismus and dysphagia, due to the spasmodic contraction of the masticatory muscles. Then the disease usually diffuses with a descending pattern inducing a generalized contraction of the agonist and antagonistic muscles, which characterize a tetanic spasm. Mortality usually results from respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, or autonomic dysfunctions. Treatment usually requires the prompt admission to the intensive care unit to avoid the development of potential life-threatening complications. We report the case of a 78-year-old farmer, who was referred to us with progressive onset of lock-jaw and muscular stiffness of the facial region, that had occurred after he had scratched himself with a rose. The recognition of the presenting signs of cephalic tetanus allowed the prompt management of the infection. However, because of the rarity of this condition, the clinicians may be unfamiliar with the clinical presentation, and be unsuspecting of the diagnosis.
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PMID:A case of cephalic tetanus in a developed country. 2352 34


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