Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011168 (dysphagia)
 15,644 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been used for over a quarter of century for the treatment of well over 100 different indications. Many of the symptoms for which BoNT has been found to be effective occur in a variety of neurological disorders. One neurodegenerative disorder in which BoNT has been used extensively to treat various symptoms is Parkinson's disease (PD). This review will highlight the following therapeutic applications of BoNT in conditions associated with PD: limb dystonia, blepharospasm and lid apraxia, bruxism, cervical dystonia (anterocollis), camptocormia, hand and jaw tremor, rigidity (painful shoulder), freezing of gait, sialorrhea, dysphagia (achalasia), seborrhea, hyperhidrosis, overactive bladder, and constipation.
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PMID:Disease-oriented approach to botulinum toxin use. 1907 3

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is an exotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum. It works by blocking the release of acetylcholine from the cholinergic nerve end plates leading to inactivity of the muscles or glands innervated. Botox is best known for its beneficial role in facial aesthetics but recent literature has highlighted its usage in multiple non-cosmetic medical and surgical conditions. This article reviews the current evidence pertaining to Botox use in the head and neck. A literature review was conducted using The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline and EMBASE databases limited to English Language articles published from 1980 to 2012. The findings suggest that there is level 1 evidence supporting the efficacy of Botox in the treatment of spasmodic dysphonia, essential voice tremor, headache, cervical dystonia, masticatory myalgia, sialorrhoea, temporomandibular joint disorders, bruxism, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm and rhinitis. For chronic neck pain there is level 1 evidence to show that Botox is ineffective. Level 2 evidence exists for vocal tics, trigeminal neuralgia, dysphagia and post-laryngectomy oesophageal speech. For stuttering, 'first bite syndrome', facial nerve paresis, Frey's syndrome, oromandibular dystonia and palatal/stapedial myoclonus the evidence is level 4. Thus, the literature highlights a therapeutic role for Botox in a wide range of non-cosmetic conditions pertaining to the head and neck (mainly level 1 evidence). With ongoing research, the spectrum of clinical applications and number of people receiving Botox will no doubt increase. Botox appears to justify its title as 'the poison that heals'.
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PMID:An evidence-based review of botulinum toxin (Botox) applications in non-cosmetic head and neck conditions. 2347 31

Rett syndrome is a progressive pediatric neurodevelopmental disorder, predominantly affecting females, characterized by a seemingly normal prenatal and perinatal period, followed by neurodevelopmental stagnation, and then rapid regression.The purpose of this study was to provide an update of the literature on the oral aspects of Rett syndrome and their possible treatment in patients suffering from this pathology. After an electronic and manual search in MEDLINE (PubMed) and the Cochrane Library, 12 articles were found, for a total of 142 patients affected by Rett syndrome. A high prevalence of bruxism, anterior open bite, ogival palate, sucking habits, and difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene was noted. There were also oral findings related to the pharmacological treatment, which included xerostomia, glossitis, erythema multiforme, gingival hyperplasia, dysphagia, and lingual paralysis. It is important for the dentist to know what problems related to the oral cavity can be encountered in a patient diagnosed with Rett syndrome and what preventive measures can be applied.
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PMID:Oral findings in Rett syndrome: An update and review of the literature. 3064 68