Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sex should be considered during the selection of cardiovascular medications and dosages of cardiovascular medications. There is mounting evidence that clinically important differences between the sexes exist in the pharmacokinetic processes that determine drug concentrations and in the pharmacodynamic processes that determine physiologic responses to pharmacologic agents. Although aging also affects these processes, aging does not eliminate the sex-related differences. The major pharmacokinetic differences between the sexes, on average, are lower weight and distribution volumes in women compared with men and lower renal drug clearance in women compared with men. Sex-related differences in hepatic drug clearance are less predictable. Pharmacodynamic responses that differ between the sexes include increased adverse cardiovascular drug effects in women compared with men (torsade de pointes arrhythmias, increased risk of hemorrhagic consequences of anticoagulation or thrombolytic therapy, electrolyte abnormalities with diuretics, myopathy with HMG Co-A reductase inhibitors, cough with ACE inhibitors, and increased incidence of thrombosis). Recommendations for optimizing cardiovascular drug therapy for the older women include individualization of drug selection to minimize the number of medications and side effects; dosage adjustment based on age, size, and sex; close monitoring for side effects; and consideration of cost and access to medications. Optimal care for the older woman with cardiovascular disease will also require investigation of cardiovascular medications in older women and of therapies for cardiovascular diseases that are more common in women than men.
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PMID:Gender-specific implications for cardiovascular medication use in the elderly optimizing therapy for older women. 1294 5

The roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis are widely used in Chinese medicine for their action of clearing heat, detoxicating, relieving cough, dispelling sputum and tonifying spleen and stomach. The reason why Glycyrrhiza uralensis has potent and significant actions is that it contains various active secondary metabolites, especially glycyrrhizic acid. In the present study, we cloned the cDNA coding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary CoA reductase (HMGR) involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The corresponding cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins. Recombinant HMGR exhibited catalysis activity in reduction of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid (MVA) just as HMGR isolated from other species. Because HMGR gene is very important in the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis, this work is significant for further studies concerned with strengthening the efficacy of Glycyrrhiza uralensis by means of increasing glycyrrhizic acid content and exploring the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizic acid in vitro.
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PMID:Cloning and characterization of a cDNA coding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary CoA reductase involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis in Glycyrrhiza uralensis. 2388 4