Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Underlying causes, risk factors, and precipitating causes of heart failure (HF) should be treated. Patients with HF and an abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (systolic HF) or normal left ventricular ejection fraction (diastolic HF) should be treated with diuretics if fluid retention is present, with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker if the patient cannot tolerate an ACE inhibitor because of cough, angioneurotic edema, rash, or altered taste sensation, and with a beta blocker unless contraindicated. If severe systolic HF persists, an aldosterone antagonist should be added. If HF persists, isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine should be added. Calcium channel blockers should be avoided if systolic HF is present. Digoxin should be avoided in men and women with diastolic HF if sinus rhythm is present and in women with systolic HF. Digoxin should be given to men with systolic HF if symptoms persist, but the serum digoxin level should be maintained between 0.5 and 0.8 ng/ml. Cardiac synchronized pacing should be considered in patients with severe systolic HF despite optimal medical therapy, with sinus rhythm, and with ventricular dyssynchrony.
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PMID:Drug treatment of systolic and of diastolic heart failure in elderly persons. 1642 95

Underlying causes, risk factors, and precipitating causes of heart failure (HF) should be treated. Drugs known to precipitate or aggravate HF such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs should be stopped. Patients with HF and a low left ventricular ejection fraction (systolic heart failure) or normal ejection fraction (diastolic HF) should be treated with diuretics if fluid retention is present, with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker if the patient cannot tolerate an ACE inhibitor because of cough, angioneurotic edema, rash, or altered taste sensation, and with a beta blocker unless contraindicated. If severe systolic HF persists, an aldosterone antagonist should be added. If HF persists, isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine should be added. Calcium channel blockers should be avoided if systolic HF is present. Digoxin should be avoided in men and women with diastolic HF if sinus rhythm is present and in women with systolic HF. Digoxin should be given to men with systolic HF if symptoms persist, but the serum digoxin level should be maintained between 0.5 and 0.8 ng/mL.
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PMID:Epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of systolic and diastolic heart failure. 1662 20

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are contraindicated in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis due to risk of azotemia resulting from preferential efferent arteriolar vasodilation in the renal glomerulus due to inhibition of angiotensin II. Patients with renal artery stenosis who can derive survival benefit from ACE inhibition, therefore, may not receive ACEI therapy. We evaluated the safety of ACEI therapy in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis following successful revascularization using renal artery stenting. This study is a retrospective analysis of 25 patients who underwent bilateral renal artery stenting for refractory hypertension and had a strong clinical indication for long-term ACEI use (left ventricular dysfunction or diabetes). Eighteen of the 25 patients (72%) have been safely maintained on a target dose of ACEIs, 2 of the 25 have been treated with angiotensin receptor blockers due to cough, and 5 of the 25 are being treated with a hydralazine/nitrate combination due to cough (2 patients) or baseline renal insufficiency (3 patients). We conclude that patients with bilateral renal artery stenoses that have been successfully revascularized using renal stenting may be safely treated with long-term ACEI therapy.
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PMID:Safety of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis following successful renal artery stent revascularization. 1685 64

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) is an important regulator of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. RAAS has been implicated in pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Aliskiren is the first non-peptide orally active renin inhibitor approved by FDA. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors are associated with frequent side effects such as cough and angio-oedema. Recently, the role of ACE2 and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the formation of an important active metabolite/mediator of RAAS, ang 1-7, has initiated attempts towards development of ACE2 inhibitors and combined ACE/NEP inhibitors. Furukawa and colleagues developed a series of low molecular weight nonpeptide imidazole analogues that possess weak but selective, competitive AT1 receptor blocking property. Till date, many compounds have exhibited promising AT1 blocking activity which cause a more complete RAAS blockade than ACE inhibitors. Many have reached the market for alternative treatment of hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy in ACE inhibitor intolerant patients and still more are waiting in the queue. But, the hallmark of this area of drug research is marked by a progress in understanding molecular interaction of these blockers at the AT1 receptor and unraveling the enigmatic influence of AT2 receptors on growth/anti-growth, differentiation and the regeneration of neuronal tissue. Different modeling strategies are underway to develop tailor made molecules with the best of properties like Dual Action (Angiotensin And Endothelin) Receptor Antagonists (DARA), ACE/NEP inhibitors, triple inhibitors, AT2 agonists, AT1/TxA2 antagonists, balanced AT1/AT2 antagonists, and nonpeptide renin inhibitors. This abstract gives an overview of these various angiotensin receptor antagonists.
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PMID:An update on non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonists and related RAAS modulators. 1769 38

Type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions throughout the world, which has major health implications as such patients have considerably increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is involved in a wide range of adverse effects that contribute to the pathogenesis of CHD in diabetic patients, including vascular haemodynamic regulation, oxidative stress and hypertrophy of vascular cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in clinical practice. In diabetic patients ACE inhibitors and ARBs both effectively lower blood pressure, particularly in combination with low-dose thiazide diuretics, and may be considered first line therapies in the treatment of diabetic hypertension. Additionally they have important renoprotective actions independent of their blood pressure-lowering action, which is of particular benefit in diabetic patients, who are at increased risk of developing nephropathy. ARBs are generally well tolerated, but ACE inhibitor therapy is associated with some side effects such as cough and both may result in hyperkalaemia. Blockade of the RAAS with these agents appears to play an important role not only in protecting from renal disease, but it may also help to reduce morbidity and mortality from certain vascular diseases in diabetic patients.
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PMID:Prevention of macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients: blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. 1822 Jun 97

The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) on myocardial flow reserve in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the subacute phase using oxygen-15 positron emission tomography (PET) and to elucidate the relationship between the myocardial flow reserve and remodeling in the chronic phase. Sixty patients who had been treated with coronary angioplasty within 12 h after the onset of AMI were enrolled. Patients were divided into an enalapril (ACEI) group and a candesartan (ARB) group. The myocardial flow reserve was measured by oxygen-15 water PET in the subacute phase from the 20th to the 30th day after the onset of AMI. Left ventriculography was performed to measure the left ventricular ejection fraction in the chronic phase about 6 months after the onset. Ten patients (33%) in the enalapril group and 4 patients (13%) in the candesartan group stopped taking their respective medications within a few days of starting, because of side effects such as cough or hypotension. Thus, the prevalence of medication intolerance was higher in the enalapril group. The myocardial flow reserve in the subacute phase and the left ventricular ejection fraction in the chronic phase were lower in the enalapril group (2.08 +/- 0.30 and 42 +/- 6%) than in the candesartan group (2.25 +/- 0.20 and 49 +/- 5%) (p < 0.05). The myocardial flow reserve significantly correlated with the left ventricular ejection fraction in all patients (r = 0.45, p < 0.01). The myocardial flow reserve assessed by PET in the subacute phase after AMI was found to be related to left ventricular remodeling in the chronic phase.
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PMID:Relationship between myocardial flow reserve by oxygen-15 water positron emission tomography in the subacute phase of myocardial infarction and left ventricular remodeling in the chronic phase. 1895 92

Cardiovascular risk is subject to circadian variation, with peak morning incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke correlating with the early morning blood pressure (BP) surge (EMBPS). Ideally, antihypertensive therapy should maintain control of BP throughout the 24-h dosing cycle. In two sister studies, Prospective, Randomized Investigation of the Safety and efficacy of Micardis vs Ramipril Using ABPM (ambulatory BP monitoring) (PRISMA) I and II, BP control was compared in patients with essential hypertension (24-h mean baseline ambulatory BP approximately 148/93 mm Hg) randomized to the angiotensin receptor blocker, telmisartan (80 mg; n=802), or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril (5 or 10 mg; n=811), both dosed in the morning. The primary end point was the change from baseline in mean ambulatory systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) during the final 6 h of the 24-h dosing cycle. The adjusted mean treatment differences in the last 6-h mean ambulatory SBP/DBP were -5.8/-4.2 mm Hg after 8 weeks and -4.1/-3.0 mm Hg after 14 weeks, in favour of telmisartan (P<0.0001 for all four comparisons). Secondary end point results, including the mean 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, day- and night-time BP and 24-h BP load, also significantly favoured telmisartan (P<0.0001). Both treatments were well tolerated; adverse events, including cough, were less common with telmisartan. These findings suggest that telmisartan is more effective than ramipril throughout the 24-h period and during the EMBPS; this may be attributable to telmisartan's long duration of effect, which is sustained throughout the 24-h dosing period.
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PMID:Antihypertensive efficacy of telmisartan vs ramipril over the 24-h dosing period, including the critical early morning hours: a pooled analysis of the PRISMA I and II randomized trials. 1922 30

Valsartan is a nonpeptide angiotensin receptor antagonist that selectively blocks the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The efficacy, tolerability and safety of valsartan have been demonstrated in large-scale studies in hypertension, heart failure (HF) and post-myocardial infarction (MI). This review focuses on what was learned from the valsartan clinical research programme and other comparative trials published from 1997 to the present. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of valsartan in lowering blood pressure (BP) in a variety of patient populations (including elderly, women, children, obese patients, patients with diabetes mellitus, patients with chronic kidney disease [CKD], patients at high risk of cardiovascular [CV] disease, African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asians) and in improving outcomes in CV disease and CKD. In hypertension, valsartan exhibits dose-dependent efficacy in reducing both systolic and diastolic BP over the once-daily dose range of 80-320 mg; doses as high as 640 mg/day have been studied and found to be efficacious and safe. BP control can be enhanced with a more consistent 24-hour BP-lowering profile by using single-pill, fixed-dose combination therapy with valsartan plus hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The cardioprotective benefits of valsartan have been demonstrated in large-scale outcome trials and include significant reductions in CV morbidity and mortality in HF, following MI, and in patients with co-morbid hypertension and coronary artery disease and/or HF; reductions in HF hospitalizations; and reductions in the incidence of stroke. The magnitude of these effects is comparable with that demonstrated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; however, valsartan has a more favourable tolerability profile, with a significantly lower incidence of cough and only rare reports of angio-oedema, both class effects of ACE inhibitor use. Consistent with its angiotensin receptor-blocking effects, valsartan also reduces circulating levels of biochemical markers that are associated with angiotensin II-mediated endothelial dysfunction and CV risk (e.g. high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or oxidized low-density lipoprotein). Improvements in CKD with valsartan include statistically and clinically meaningful reductions in urinary albumin and protein excretion in patients with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic patients with CKD. In short-term studies, valsartan has improved or stabilized various indices of metabolic function in at-risk patients, including those with co-morbid hypertension, obesity and/or metabolic syndrome. Because of this, valsartan is being prospectively investigated for its ability to reduce the incidence of new-onset diabetes and provide cardioprotection in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. Valsartan and valsartan/HCTZ are well tolerated. In clinical trials, adverse events during valsartan treatment were similar to those occurring with placebo. The combination of valsartan/HCTZ was better tolerated than HCTZ alone. Valsartan is administered once daily for hypertension; doses are usually taken upon awakening. In patients with HF or MI, valsartan is administered twice daily.
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PMID:Valsartan: more than a decade of experience. 1991 55

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of clinical conditions, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Inhibition of the RAAS with either angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure and reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in various at-risk patient populations. A number of studies have shown that these 2 classes are effective in reducing the rate of renal disease progression in patients with diabetic nephropathy, although more long-term vascular outcome studies are needed in patients with chronic kidney disease. The Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) was the first study to show comparable reno- and cardioprotective effects between an ARB (telmisartan) and ramipril in a broad section of at-risk patients, on top of usual standard care. However, telmisartan showed better tolerability than ramipril in ONTARGET, with less cough and angioedema. This difference was obtained despite patients having been selected for tolerability to both drugs at study entry.
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PMID:Renin-angiotensin system blockade and cardiovascular and renal protection. 2045 6

Increasing attention is being devoted to the use of combination therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in order to achieve maximal blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. This approach has been adopted in the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET), which compared the effects of the ARB telmisartan and the ACE inhibitor ramipril, alone and in combination, on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus and end-organ damage. The results showed that telmisartan was as effective as ramipril for the primary cardiovascular outcome during a 56-month follow-up but was better tolerated. However, dual RAS blockade was not associated with any additional benefits, and the incidence of adverse events was greater with the combination. Based on these findings, optimal cardioprotective strategies in high-risk patients are likely to involve the addition of either telmisartan or ramipril on top of the patient's usual care, but not both. The choice of agent to be used in the long term could be based on other considerations, such as compliance and safety. Both cough and angioedema were higher with ramipril than telmisartan during the 56-month follow-up period in ONTARGET.
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PMID:Telmisartan in high-risk cardiovascular patients. 2010 72


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