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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiration cycles through three distinct phases (inspiration, postinspiration, and expiration) each having corresponding medullary cells that are excited during one phase and inhibited during the other two. Laryngeal stimulation is known to induce apnea in newborn animals, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this effect are not known. Intracellular recording of ventral respiratory group neurons was accomplished in intact anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated piglets. Apnea was induced by insufflation of the larynx with ammonia-saturated air, smoke, or water. Laryngeal insufflation induced phrenic nerve apnea, stimulation of postinspiratory neurons, and stable membrane potentials in inspiratory and expiratory cells consistent with postinspiratory inhibition. Usually the membrane potential of each neuronal type cycled through an expiratory level before onset of the first recovery breath. Variants of the apnea response, probably reflecting the aspiration reflex or sniffing, sneezing, coughing, and swallowing, were also observed. These latter patterns showed oscillation between inspiration and postinspiration without an apparent intervening stage II expiratory phase. However, stage II expiratory activity always preceded onset of the first ramp inspiration after such a pattern. These findings suggest that activation of postinspiratory mechanisms causes profound alterations in the respiratory pattern and that stage II expiration importantly modulates recovery of ramp inspiratory activity. The mechanism of this latter effect may be inhibition of early inspiratory neurons with consequent postinhibitory rebound.
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PMID:Respiratory neuronal activity during apnea and other breathing patterns induced by laryngeal stimulation. 188 71

A very rare case of congenital esophago-bronchial fistula in the adult is reported. Sixty-five years old, female. Complaining cough at drinking water and epigastric pain was diagnosed as esophago-bronchial fistula with esophageal diverticulum by Barium swallow and esophagoscopy. The resection of the fistula and diverticulum and the repair were carried out with smooth postoperative course. No evidence of inflammation along the fistula was demonstrated at surgery and microscopic findings of the resected material revealed the direct communication from the squamous epithelium to the cuboidal epithelium with underlying muscle layer in the wall. These results suggested this case the congenital esophago-bronchial fistula (Braimbridge type I).
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PMID:[Congenital esophago-bronchial fistula in the adult--a case report]. 196 Apr 60

To investigate the association between home dampness and mold and health, questionnaires were administered through the primary school system to parents of school-aged children in six regions of Canada. The present report focuses on the symptoms of the 14,799 adults at least 21 yr of age. The overall response rate was 83%, and missing values for individual variables ranged from 3 to 8%. The presence of home dampness and/or molds (that is, damp spots, visible mold or mildew, water damage, and flooding) was reported by 38% of respondents. The prevalence of lower respiratory symptoms (any cough, phlegm, wheeze, or wheeze with dyspnea) was increased among those reporting dampness or mold compared with those not reporting dampness or mold as follows: 38 versus 27% among current smokers, 21 versus 14% among exsmokers, and 19 versus 11% among nonsmokers (all p values less than 0.001). This association persisted after adjusting for several sociodemographic variables (including age, sex, and region) and several other exposure variables (including active and passive cigarette smoke, natural gas heating, and wood stoves). The odds ratio between symptoms and dampness was 1.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.48 to 1.78) in the final model chosen. This association persisted despite stratification by the presence of allergies or asthma. Exposure to home dampness and mold may be a risk factor for respiratory disease in the Canadian population.
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PMID:Adverse health effects among adults exposed to home dampness and molds. 200 Oct 58

Water-responsive laryngeal receptors with fibres in the superior laryngeal nerve were studied to characterize the specific physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions that activate these endings. The responses to water (37 degrees C) of 141 receptors were studied in 39 anaesthetized dogs breathing through a tracheostomy with the larynx functionally isolated. Of the 89 receptors stimulated by water, 53 were also challenged with isosmotic (275-315 mOsm) solutions of dextrose and sodium gluconate at 37 degrees C. Receptors that only responded to water (n = 31) with a long delay, long duration discharge were generally respiratory modulated. On the other hand, laryngeal receptors that responded to all test solutions (n = 22) with a short delay, short duration discharge were generally not respiratory modulated. We conclude that the former type of receptor responds to lower osmolality, whereas the latter responds to the lack of chloride ions in the test solutions. These two types of receptor may be responsible for the cough and bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled aerosols of different osmolalities and ionic compositions.
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PMID:Response of laryngeal receptors to water solutions of different osmolality and ionic composition. 203 37

The effect of positive expiratory pressure breathing, alone and in combination with coughing, was investigated in eight patients with cystic fibrosis. Functional residual capacity and total lung capacity was measured with a body plethysmograph before, during, and immediately after breathing with expiratory pressure of 5 and 15 cm H2O, and after a coughing period. The positive expiratory pressure breathing was carried out five times for two minutes with a two minute interval between each period. Mucus transport was measured in a peripheral lung region and over the whole lung by a radioactive aerosol tracer technique. Clearance measurements were carried out continuously during positive expiratory pressure breathing and during a control period. Two minutes' breathing with an expiratory pressure of 5 and 15 cm H2O caused an increase in mean (SEM) functional residual capacity from 2.6 (0.1) to 3.6 (0.3) and 4.4 (0.5) 1 and an increase in total lung capacity from 5.1 (0.2) to 5.9 (0.3) and 6.9 (0.4) 1. Lung volumes were higher during breathing with an expiratory pressure of 15 cm H2O than with 5 cm H2O; both returned to baseline values immediately after positive expiratory pressure breathing. Spontaneous mucus clearance and mucus clearance by coughing were not influenced by positive expiratory pressure breathing at either expiratory pressure. Thus in patients with cystic fibrosis positive expiratory pressure breathing increases lung volumes in relation to the expiratory pressure imposed; these changes in lung volume did not, however, lead to an improvement of mucus transport.
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PMID:Effect of positive expiratory pressure breathing in patients with cystic fibrosis. 153 53

Although olfaction is known to be a highly developed sense in a variety of fishes, little information is available about behavioral mechanisms by which fishes sample the olfactory environment. This study was undertaken to assess the role of spontaneous jaw protrusion ('coughing') as a potential mechanism for olfactory sampling in pleuronectid flounders. Investigations were carried out using a combination of physiological, morphological and behavioral techniques. Physiological results show (1) that typical respirations are coupled to measurable olfactory sac pressure fluctuations and (2) that during a coughing event, water is rapidly sucked into the olfactory sac. Morphological results indicate (3) a direct linkage system between the protrusion apparatus and the olfactory or associated accessory sacs, and (4) that coughing is associated with a rapid expansion or stretching of these sacs. Lastly, behavioral studies demonstrate (5) that coughing rates increase significantly over background activity when flounders are presented with attractive food odorants. From these results, I propose that coughing in pleuronectid flounders represents a behavior truly analogous to sniffing in certain air-breathing organisms.
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PMID:Do fish sniff? A new mechanism of olfactory sampling in pleuronectid flounders. 206 3

Positive pressure during expiration by face masks applied by the patient has gained wide acceptance in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, but the efficacy is still unproven. The effect of 6 months of treatment with PEEP-masks (positive end-expiratory pressure) was therefore studied in 47 patients with severe irreversible obstructive pulmonary disease (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) about 1 l), and mucus hypersecretion. Patients were double-blindly randomized to at least 45 min daily treatment with PEEP-masks with either 10 or 0 cm water pressure. After 6 months of treatment, no statistical difference was found between the two groups in change of median values (month 6 - month 0) of FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), amount of sputum or dyspnoea. Median values of arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) decreased significantly (0.03 kPa) in the placebo group. Cough intensity and dyspnoea during walking on staircases improved significantly in the placebo group. No difference among groups was found in number of days bedridden, hospitalized, number of exacerbations or antibiotic consumption. We conclude, that the use of PEEP-masks in these patients is without clinical documentation and cannot be recommended.
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PMID:PEEP-masks in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease: a negative report. 211 Dec 49

We have investigated the effects of bolus administration of lignocaine 1.5 mg kg-1 i.v. on respiratory responses to airway irritation induced by instillation of distilled water into the trachea in 10 patients anaesthetized with enflurane (1.5% end-tidal). Before administration of lignocaine, airway irritation elicited not only the cough reflex, but also other respiratory reflexes such as expiration, apnoea and spasmodic panting. Immediately after administration of i.v. lignocaine, when plasma concentrations of lignocaine exceeded 4.7 micrograms ml-1, tracheal irritation elicited only brief apnoea. Other reflex responses were suppressed completely; they recovered gradually with progressive decrease in plasma concentration of lignocaine. The apnoeic reflex was not eliminated at plasma lignocaine concentrations greater than 7.0 micrograms ml-1, whereas the expiration reflex, cough reflex and spasmodic panting were eliminated effectively by plasma concentrations of lignocaine greater than 3.5, 2.8 and 2.2 micrograms ml-1, respectively.
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PMID:Effects of i.v. lignocaine on airway reflexes elicited by irritation of the tracheal mucosa in humans anaesthetized with enflurane. 211 57

We studied the influence of changes in pressure applied to the isolated upper airway of four conscious dogs on tracheal smooth muscle tone and breathing pattern. The dogs were prepared with a permanent side-hole tracheal stoma and were trained to sleep with a snout mask hermetically sealed in place while breathing through a cuffed endotracheal tube inserted distally into the tracheal stoma. Changes in tracheal smooth muscle tone were continuously monitored by measuring the pressure in the water-filled cuff that distended the tracheal airway while pressure changes were introduced in the upper airway independently of breathing. Increases or decreases of upper airway pressure (+/- 10 cmH2O) had little effect on tracheal airway smooth muscle tone. In contrast, an oscillating pressure wave at 30 Hz and +/- 3 cmH2O amplitude (or -3 to -7 cmH2O amplitude) caused a marked increase in tracheal airway smooth muscle tone. An elevated tracheal airway tone could be maintained over many minutes when the oscillating pressure stimulus was pulsed so that there was a cycle of 0.5 s on, 0.5 s off. This stimulus did not change the functional residual capacity but resulted in coughing, swallowing, or sighing in 54% of the tests. In the remaining tests, the pressure stimulus produced a rapid, shallow, and erratic breathing pattern. The tracheal airway constrictor response (but not the ventilatory response) was completely abolished by intravenous atropine. We suggest that upper airway vibration is a potentially powerful mechanism of reflex airway smooth muscle constriction.
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PMID:Tracheal smooth muscle responses to upper airway pressure in conscious dogs. 218 62

Today heart-lung transplantation (HLT) probably provides the best means of studying the role of pulmonary innervation in human respiratory physiology. Outside the periods of postoperative complications ventilatory function, blood gases and exercise tolerance of HLT recipients are compatible with a normal sedentary life. Control of breathing in the waking state at rest, and when asleep, in HLT subject is not different from that of the healthy subject, which suggests that the pulmonary afferents play a negligible role in the control of breathing of adult humans at rest. The results of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and to exercise in HLT subjects are contradictory and do not enable any conclusion about the role of pulmonary innervation in these types of integrated responses. On the other hand, the existence of bronchial hyperreactivity to cholinergic stimulation is well established, and is attributed to an upregulation of bronchial muscarinic receptors. An increase in the bronchial response to distilled water observed in some HLT subjects seems on the other and related to episodes of lung rejection. The reflex theory of cough is supported by studies of HLT subjects. Results of studies of the effect of a deep inspiration on bronchomotor tone are far from concordant. Other studies including a large number of subjects and looking at the presence or the absence of reinnervation after transplantation are perhaps two supplementary means to further investigate the respiratory function of HLT patients. Knowledge of the latter would equally enable a better understanding of control mechanisms of human respiratory physiology.
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PMID:[Respiratory function in cardiopulmonary transplantation]. 220 69


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