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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cross-sectional epidemiological study investigating the respiratory health of children in two Canadian communities was conducted in 1983-1984 in Tillsonburg, Ontario, located in a region of moderately elevated concentrations of transported air pollutants, and in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, situated in a low pollution area. There were no significant local sources of industrial emissions in either community. Seven hundred and thirty-five children aged 7-12 were studied in the first town and 895 in the second. Respiratory health was assessed by the measurement of the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0) of each child, and by evaluation of the child's respiratory symptoms and illnesses using a parent-completed questionnaire. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate, and particulate nitrate levels were significantly higher in Tillsonburg than in Portage la Prairie (P less than 0.05), but nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and inhalable particles (PM10) differed little between the communities. Historical data in the vicinity of Tillsonburg indicated that average annual levels of sulfates, total nitrates, and ozone (O3) did not vary markedly in the 9-year period preceding the study. The results show that Tillsonburg children had statistically significant (P less than 0.001) lower levels of 2% for FVC and 1.7% for FEV1.0 as compared with children in Portage la Prairie. These differences could not be explained by parental smoking or education, the use of gas cooking or wood heating fuels, pollution levels on the day of testing, or differences in age, sex, height, or weight. The differences persisted when children with cough with phlegm, asthma, wheeze, inhalant allergies, or hospitalization before age 2 for a chest illness were excluded from analysis. With the exception of inhalant allergies, which occurred more frequently in Tillsonburg children, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and illnesses was similar in the two communities.
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PMID:Respiratory health effects associated with ambient sulfates and ozone in two rural Canadian communities. 272 75

During February 1987 an outbreak of nitrogen dioxide-induced respiratory illness occurred among players and spectators of two high school hockey games played at an indoor ice arena in Minnesota. The source of the nitrogen dioxide was the malfunctioning engine of the ice resurfacer. Case patients experienced acute onset of cough, hemoptysis, and/or dyspnea during, or within 48 hours of attending, a hockey game. One hundred sixteen cases were identified among hockey players, cheerleaders, and band members who attended the two games. Members of two hockey teams had spirometry performed at 10 days and 2 months after exposure; no significant compromise in lung function was documented. Nitrogen dioxide exposure in indoor ice arenas may be more common than currently is recognized; only three states require routine monitoring of air quality in ice arenas, and the respiratory symptoms caused by exposure to nitrogen dioxide are nonspecific and easily misdiagnosed.
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PMID:An outbreak of nitrogen dioxide-induced respiratory illness among ice hockey players. 234 11

The effects of laryngeal lignocaine spray and/or lignocaine jelly as lubricants were studied on the incidence of sore throat, hoarseness, or tracheal irritability as evidenced by either a tendency to cough or frank coughing after intubation with a Sensiv tube (Searle Medical Products). Pressure in the medium-volume, low-pressure cuff was controlled and kept below 2.5 kPa (25 cmH2O) during anaesthesia. The side-effects of 94 surgical patients were recorded in a double-blind manner in the recovery room and on the first post-operative day. The lowest number of patients (62%) with side-effects was found in the control group and the greatest (95%) after the combination of lignocaine jelly and spray (P less than 0.05). The number of side-effects after lignocaine jelly alone was 85% and after the spray alone 68%. Women were more prone to have side-effects, especially sore throat and hoarseness, than men (P less than 0.05). Induced hypotension did not increase the incidence of side-effects. Endotracheal cuff pressures were also studied in 114 patients during N2O-O2 anaesthesia and in 54 patients after the replacement of N2O with nitrogen. The minimum occluding pressure required was 1 kPa (10 cmH2O). In 42% of the patients receiving N2O a limiting value of 2.5 kPa (25 cmH2O) was reached during anesthesia in a mean time of 74 min (range 25-180 min). After the replacement of N2O with nitrogen, the cuff pressure decreased from 1.8 kPa (18 cmH2O) to 0.7 kPa (7 cmH2O) over 40 min. It is concluded that lignocaine jelly with the use of a spray significantly increases post-operative side-effects.
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PMID:Post-operative sore throat: effect of lignocaine jelly and spray with endotracheal intubation. 324 Jul 60

To identify acute respiratory health effects associated with air pollution due to coal combustion, a subgroup of elementary school-aged children was selected from a large cross-sectional study and followed daily for eight months. Children were selected to obtain three equal-sized groups: one without respiratory symptoms, one with symptoms of persistent wheeze, and one with cough or phlegm production but without persistent wheeze. Parents completed a daily diary of symptoms from which illness constellations of upper respiratory illness (URI) and lower respiratory illness (LRI) and the symptom of wheeze were derived. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured daily for nine consecutive weeks during the eight-month study period. Maximum hourly concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and coefficient of haze for each 24-hour period, as well as minimum hourly temperature, were correlated with daily URI, LRI, wheeze, and PEFR using multiple regression models adjusting for illness occurrence or level of PEFR on the immediately preceding day. Respiratory illness on the preceding day was the most important predictor of current illness. A drop in temperature was associated with increased URI and LRI but not with increased wheeze or with a decrease in level of PEFR. No air pollutant was strongly associated with respiratory illness or with level of PEFR, either in the group of children as a whole, or in either of the symptomatic subgroups; the pollutant concentrations observed, however, were uniformly lower than current ambient air quality standards. Moreover, since exposure estimation based on monitoring of ambient air likely results in misclassification of the true exposure, the negative findings of this study must be interpreted cautiously.
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PMID:Daily air pollution effects on children's respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow. 349 89

Acceleration atelectasis is the absorptional collapse of alveoli in the dependent lung due to increased accelerative forces. It is exacerbated by breathing 100% oxygen and, during +Gz exposure, by the use of an anti-G suit. Experiments were conducted on 12 subjects using simulated aerial combat maneuvers (SACM) with G profiles having peak exposures of either 4.5 G or 9 G. Decreases in vital capacity (VC) measurements were used as quantification of atelectasis, two types of reduction being identified and described. Labile reductions in VC were readily restored by a deep breath or cough. Such reduction approximated 28% following the 4.5-G SACM and 25% following the 9-G SACM. More persistent (so called) stable reductions were of lesser degree, values of -20% being seen following both 9 G and 4.5 G maneuvers. Acceleration atelectasis causes symptoms of chest pain, coughing, and shortness of breath. Subjective ratings of the severity of these symptoms were obtained from the subjects, and these were much greater following the 4.5-G SACM exposures than after the 9-G runs. Acceleration atelectasis was reduced by dilution of the inspired oxygen concentration by argon and nitrogen (evaluated at 95, 82.5, 70, 50, and 20% oxygen); the addition of unassisted positive pressure at 30 mm Hg (4 kPa) to the breathing mask; or the performance of the anti-G straining maneuver (AGSM).
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PMID:Induction and prevention of acceleration atelectasis. 354 76

Nine children surviving severe adult respiratory distress syndrome were studied 0.9 to 4.2 years after the acute illness. They had received artificial ventilation for a mean of 9.4 days, with an Fio2 greater than 0.5 during a mean time of 34 hours and maximal positive end expiratory pressure levels in the range of 8 to 20 cm H2O. Three children had recurrent respiratory symptoms (moderate exertional dyspnea and cough), and two had evidence of fibrosis on chest radiographs. All patients had abnormal lung function; the most prominent findings were ventilation inequalities, as judged by real-time moment ratio analysis of multibreath nitrogen washout curves (abnormal in eight of nine patients) and hypoxemia (seven of nine). Lung volumes were less abnormal; one patient had restrictive and two had obstructive disease. A significant correlation between intensive care measures (Fio2 greater than 0.5 in hours and peak inspiratory plateau pressure) and lung function abnormalities (moment ratio analysis and hypoxemia) was found. A possibly increased susceptibility of the pediatric age group to the primary insult or respiratory therapy of adult respiratory distress syndrome is suggested.
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PMID:Long-term sequelae in children surviving adult respiratory distress syndrome. 388 80

In chronically implanted rats, we examined the respiratory EMG activity of the two parts of the diaphragm, costal and crural, during sleep and wakefulness. Their activity was compared and contrasted with that of the EMG activity of the cricothyroid muscle. Whether in wakefulness, while grooming and drinking, or in nonrapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and independent of the gas mixture breathed (4 to 5% CO2 or 10% O2 in nitrogen), the two parts of the diaphragm paused during REM apnea episodes whereas the cricothyroid muscle ceased its activity or exhibited sustained activity. We conclude that the diaphragm, mainly an inspiratory muscle, acts as a single functional unit when under the respiratory control system. The cricothyroid muscle functions as an inspiratory and/or expiratory muscle, also under the respiratory control systems. Both muscles in the rat come under other neural control mechanisms governing nonrespiratory functions, e.g., swallowing, defecation, and coughing, but not vomiting.
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PMID:Unity of costal and crural diaphragmatic activity in respiration. 393 Feb 80

A cross-sectional study of 5 NaCl mines and 259 miners addressed the following questions: 1) Is there an association of increased respiratory symptoms, radiographic findings, and reduced pulmonary function with exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and/or respirable particulate (RP) among these miners? 2) Is there increased morbidity of these miners compared to other working populations? Personal samples of NO2 and respirable particulate for jobs in each mine were used to estimate cumulative exposure. NO2 is used as a surrogate measure of diesel exposure. Cough was associated with age and smoking, dyspnea with age; neither symptom was associated with exposure (years worked, estimated cumulative NO2 or RP exposure). Phlegm was associated with age, smoking, and exposure. Reduced pulmonary function (FVC, FEV1, peak, flow, FEF50, FEF75) showed no association with exposure. There was one case of small rounded and one case of small irregular opacities; pneumoconiosis was not analyzed further. Compared to underground coal miners, above ground coal miners, potash miners, and nonmining workers, the study population after adjustment for age and smoking generally showed no increased prevalence of cough, phlegm, dyspnea, or obstruction (FEV1/FVC less than 0.7). Obstruction in younger salt miners and phlegm in older salt miners was elevated compared to nonmining workers. Mean predicted pulmonary function was reduced 2-4% for FEV1 and FVC, 7-13% for FEF50, and 18-22% for FEF75 below all comparison populations.
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PMID:An epidemiological study of salt miners in diesel and nondiesel mines. 660 9

We studied two groups of young male cereal grain elevator workers: 82 lifetime nonsmoking grain workers (2.5 +/- 1.2 yr of dust exposure) who were 22.7 +/- 3.5 yr of age, and 82 smoking grain workers (6.1 +/- 4.1 pack-years of smoking) individually matched to the nonsmoking grain workers for age (22.7 +/- 3.3 yr) and years of work in the grain industry (2.6 +/- 1.3 yr). We also studied the following groups of community control subjects: 82 nonsmoking community control subjects individually matched to the nonsmoking grain workers for age (22.8 +/- 3.7 yr), and 82 smoking community control subjects individually matched to the smoking grain workers for age (22.7 +/0 3.6 yr) and smoking history (6.0 +/- 4.0 pack-years). We measured forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC %, the maximal mid-expiratory flow rate (FEF25-75), the flow at 50% (Vmax50) and 25% (Vmax25) of a maximal expiratory flow-volume maneuver, the percent increase in the maximal expiratory flow at 50% FVC breathing a mixture of 80% helium-20% oxygen as compared with air (delta Vmax50), and the slope of Phase III of the single breath nitrogen test (delta N2/L). We also assessed the prevalence of respiratory symptoms from responses to a standardized questionnaire. Smoking was associated with an increased prevalence of cough, wheezing, and dyspnea, and a mildly decreased FEV1/FVC %. Two variables were used as indexes of small airway dysfunction, a lower delta Vmax50 and a higher delta N2/L. Only the group of workers who both smoked and were occupationally exposed to grain dust had evidence of small airway dysfunction. The differences in delta N2/L and delta Vmax50 were greater than was expected from an additive model, suggesting that the combined effects of occupational exposure to grain dust and inhalation of cigarette smoke may have a synergistic effect leading to small airway dysfunction in young cereal grain workers.
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PMID:Effects of smoking and occupational exposure on peripheral airway function in young cereal grain workers. 712 57

Preliminary data from farm herds fed excessive dietary iodide and displaying signs of iodism indicated hyperglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, and a neutrophilic-lymphopenic shift in blood leukocytes. Subsequently blood, milk, and urine were analyzed from 90 cows in 10 herds fed normal (average 16 mg/cow daily) or high (average 164 mg) iodide as ethylenediamine dihydriodide for prophylactic purposes and from one herd fed iodinated casein for 3 wk. Glucose, area nitrogen, and neutrophils were higher while cholesterol and lymphocytes were lower in blood from cows fed high iodide. Milk iodide averaged .37 +/- .03 ppm from normal and 2.16 +/- .25 from herds fed high iodide. Neutrophils, glucose, protein, and globulin of serum increased while lymphocytes, cholesterol, and thyroxine decreased as iodide in milk and urine increased. Signs of iodism included lacrimation, coryza, conjunctivitis, coughing, hair loss, and exophthalmus. These findings corroborate other reports that excessive iodide alters metabolism and is toxic to immune mechanisms, suggesting that dietary iodide should be limited to nutritional requirements and prolonged prophylactic or therapeutic use should be avoided.
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PMID:Chronic iodine toxicity in dairy cattle: blood chemistry, leukocytes, and milk iodide. 737 97


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