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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of symptoms of chronic obstructive respiratory disease and of functional respiratory impairment was determined in 3465 residents (70 per cent of enumerated) of an area historically exposed to photochemical/oxidant pollutants and 4509 residents (79 per cent of enumerated) of an area exposed to low levels of chemical pollutants. Tests administered included the NHLI questionnaire, electronic volume spirometry, whole body plethysmography, and the single-breath nitrogen test (deltaN2750-1250 and closing volume). Cough and cough with sputum were more frequently reported in the low-pollution area. Lung function was better among residents of the low-pollution area according to FEV1, FVC, maximal expiratory flow rates, closing volume fraction, thoracic gas volume, and airway resistance. Maximal mid-expiratory flow rate, considered to be a sensitive spirometric test for detection of small airways disease, was similar in residents of both areas. Mean deltaN2750-1250 was slightly worse among residents of the low-pollution area. Findings suggest that adverse effects of long-term exposure to photochemical/oxidant pollutants may occur primarily in the larger airways both among smokers and never smokers. The greatest differences between areas were observed in residents 18-59 years of age, suggesting that long-term exposure may be required to cause measurable impairment and that these differnces may be obliterated by such factors as smoking, differential out-migration and differential survival.
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PMID:The UCLA population studies of chronic obstructive respiratory disease. I. Methodology and comparison of lung function in areas of high and low pollution. 43 16

Effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke at levels typically encountered in public buildings have been investigated. Twenty normal male and female nonsmokers (18 to 30 years) were each exposed for two hours on alternate days (in random order) to either room air or room air plus machine-produced cigarette smoke. Exposures were conducted in an unventilated chamber (14.6 m3). Subdivisions of lung volume, maximum expiratory flow-volume curves, single-breath nitrogen washout curves, blood carboxyhemoglobin levels, and heart rates were obtained before, during, and after exposure. A submaximal bicycle ergometer test and a symptom questionnaire were also administered after exposure. Statistical analysis revealed several significant differences between test and control days; the magnitude of the changes was small and of questionable biological significance, however, particularly when account was taken of the number of statistical comparisons made. Despite the relatively small physiological changes, subjective complaints were common-cough, and eye irritation, for example. It is concluded that in normal subjects the magnitude of physiological responses to acute exposures is minimal; thus arguments concerning effects rest on symptomatology and such other factors as the unknown risks of chronic exposure.
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PMID:Physiological effects of acute passive exposure to cigarette smoke. 68 48

A four-year longitudinal study of the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and disease in schoolchildren and related environmental and socio-economic factors is in progress. We report results for the first year of this study (1973). A total of 5758 children aged 6 to 11 years from 28 randomly selected areas of England and Scotland were examined. In an analysis of the effects on health of possible indoor pollutants, boys and girls from homes in which gas was used for cooking were found to have more cough, "colds going to the chest", and bronchitis than children from homes where electricity was used. The girls also had more wheeze if their families used gas for cooking. This "cooking effect" appeared to be independent of the effects of age, social class, latitude, population density, family size, overcrowding, outdoor levels of smoke and sulphur dioxide and types of fuel used for heating. It was concluded that elevated levels of oxides of nitrogen arising from the combustion of gas might be the cause of the increased respiratory illness.
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PMID:Association between gas cooking and respiratory disease in children. 87 21

The effects of oxides of nitrogen inhalation are reported in a 21-year-old gardener exposed to silage gas. Initial nausea, cough and fever remitted, but respiratory failure developed 3 weeks later. Roentgenograms and lung function studies revealed pulmonary edema, volume restriction, and severely impaired gas exchange. Needle biopsy showed a nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. With steroid therapy all functional parameters except diffusing capacity returned to normal. Failure to inquire about non-occupational activities led to delayed diagnosis. A brief review of toxic effects of nitrogen oxides is presented.
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PMID:Silo-Filler's disease. 111 73

A total of 930 patients have been evaluated for safety in a programme of clinical trials for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. Combination therapy with these two agents is generally well tolerated. In clinical trials, adverse experiences in patients treated with a lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination were dizziness (7.5%), headache (5.2%), cough (3.9%), fatigue (3.7%), orthostatic effects (3.2%), diarrhoea (2.5%), nausea (2.2%) and upper respiratory tract infection (2.2%). Withdrawals from treatment have been relatively infrequent comprising dizziness (0.8%), headache (0.3%), cough (0.6%), fatigue (0.4%), diarrhoea (0.2%), orthostatic effects and nausea (0.1% each). The most common laboratory adverse experiences in patients on therapy with the lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination are: increases in serum glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and blood urea; and decreases in serum potassium. However, in individual controlled studies, the addition of lisinopril to treatment with hydrochlorothiazide results in attenuation of some of the potentially adverse metabolic affects of the diuretic. Adverse experiences in the patients treated for periods of 50 weeks or more, the elderly and the renally impaired are similar to those seen in the total population. Overall the available data indicate that a fixed dose combination of lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide is a well-tolerated therapeutic option in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
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PMID:Review of international safety data for lisinopril-hydrochlorothiazide combination treatment. 166 80

To assess longitudinally the effect of living in the vicinity of coal-fired power stations on children with asthma, 99 schoolchildren with a history of wheezing in the previous 12 months were studied for 1 year, using daily diaries and measurements of air quality. The children had been identified in a cross-sectional survey of two coastal areas: Lake Munmorah (LM), within 5 km of two power stations, and Nelson Bay (NB), free from major industry. Daily air quality [sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)], respiratory symptoms, and treatment for asthma were recorded throughout the year. Measurements of SO2 and NOx at LM were well within recommended guidelines although they were several times higher than at NB: maximum daily levels in SO2 (micrograms/m3) were 26 at LM, 11 at NB (standard, 365); yearly average SO2 was 2 at LM, 0.3 at NB (standard, 60); yearly average NOx (micrograms/m3) was 2 at LM, 0.4 at NB (standard, 94). Marked weekly fluctuations occurred in the prevalence of cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, without any substantial differences between LM and NB. Overall, the prevalence of symptoms was low (10% for wheezing, 20% for any symptom). Whether the daily SO2 and NOx levels affected the occurrence of respiratory symptoms was investigated in children at LM using a logistic regression (Korn and Whittemore technique). For these children as a group, air quality measurements were not associated with the occurrence of symptoms.
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PMID:Asthma in the vicinity of power stations: II. Outdoor air quality and symptoms. 152 41

We assessed the respiratory effects of the number of cigarettes smoked daily (CIGD) in 748 male smokers of a general population sample living in the unpolluted area of the Po Delta (Italy). A standardized questionnaire, flow-volume curves (V/V), the diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the slope of the alveolar plateau of nitrogen (DN2%/l) were used. Subjects were divided according to the median value of the observed distribution of CIGD (1-19, 20+) and according to the tertile values of the observed distribution of pack-years (an index representing lifetime cigarette consumption; 1-7, 8-21, 22+). In those with a higher CIGD, the prevalence rate of chronic phlegm was always significantly increased, while the prevalence rate of wheeze was significantly higher if they had smoked 8+ pack-years. Using analysis of variance, adjusted for pack-years, DLCO indexes, FEF75-85 and Vmax75 were significantly reduced in those with higher CIGD. When multiple logistic models, accounting for the independent effects of age and pack-years, were used, significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for symptoms (e.g. OR = 2.0 for phlegm, OR = 1.8 for cough, OR = 1.6 for wheeze) and abnormal DLCO (OR = 1.9) or DN2%/l (OR = 1.6) were associated with a daily consumption of 10 cigarettes. In conclusion, the amount of cigarettes currently smoked may add a negative effect to that caused by lifetime cigarette consumption on respiratory symptoms and lung function. Moreover, the use of diffusing capacity in general population surveys is advisable.
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PMID:Effects of daily cigarette consumption on respiratory symptoms and lung function in a general population sample of north-Italian men. 179 18

The author studied the characteristics of ACE inhibitor-induced cough in 41 non-smoking hypertensive patients. For at least 6 months, 20 patients (10 males and 10 females) were treated with enalapril, and 21 (11 males and 10 females) with aracepril. The results were as follows. 1) ACE inhibitor-induced cough was induced in 7 cases (1 male and 6 females). The incident rate of cough was 17.1%. ACE inhibitor-induced cough was not significantly related to past allergic history or to the beta-adrenergic blocker therapy. The laboratory findings of the cough sufferers--such as eosinophil percent in venous blood, serum GOT and GPT, urea nitrogen, creatinine, renal function (PSP excretion test and creatinine clearance), and pulmonary function (%FVC, FEV1.0% and %V25)--were not significantly different from those of the non-coughers. 2) Inhibitory effects of ipratropium bromide inhalation of ACE inhibitor-induced cough were noted in 83.3% of the patients, but their coughs did not completely disappear. From these findings, the pathogenesis of this cough may be related to be as follows. The cough seems to be related to the release of acetylcholine from vagal nerve terminals or to the stimulation of irritant receptors and vagal reflex. 3) Chronic persistent cough or bronchial asthma did not occur after stopping the treatment with ACE inhibitors. The mean follow-up period was 15.6 months.
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PMID:[Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-induced cough in non-smoking hypertensive patients]. 183 7

We assessed the effects of occupational exposure in a general population sample living in an unpolluted rural area of North Italy. In the age range of 18 to 64 yr, there were 417 participants who reported any exposure to dusts, chemicals, or gases and 1,218 who reported no exposure. Each subject completed a standardized interviewer-administered questionnaire (CNR-questionnaire). A variable proportion of participants succeeded in performing flow-volume curves, diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, and slope of alveolar plateau of nitrogen. There was no significant difference for symptom prevalence rates between exposed and nonexposed in men and women who smoke. In nonsmoking women, those exposed showed significantly higher prevalence rates for exertional dyspnea and asthma. Regarding lung function, in exposed male smokers there was a significantly higher slope of the alveolar plateau. In exposed female nonsmokers, FEV1 and forced expiratory flows were significantly lower. Multiple logistic models in the overall group, accounting for age, smoking, and pack-years, showed that work exposure was associated significantly with higher risks for all symptoms in men (e.g., odds ratio: 2.76 for dyspnea, 2.31 for asthma, 1.69 for cough, and 1.64 for phlegm); in females, the association was significant for dyspnea (OR = 3.74) and asthma (OR = 3.29). Exposed men also had a significantly higher risk for %FEV1 or FEV1/FVC% below 70 (OR = 1.45). Our findings confirm those of the other few epidemiologic surveys in general population samples and contribute to the suggestion of a causal association between occupational exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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PMID:Respiratory effects of occupational exposure in a general population sample in north Italy. 200 Oct 59

Various cardiorespiratory and electrophysiological parameters were analysed in a model of acute respiratory failure induced by inhalation of pure nitrogen in approximately 150 anaesthetized cats. Initial hyperventilation leading to apnoea was characterized by extreme hypoxaemia, marked bradycardia and flattening of electrocortical (ECoG) activity. Artificial ventilation applied at the stage of marked mydriasis usually spontaneously prevented cardiovascular failure and normalized vital functions. Up to seven successive apnoeic attacks could be induced in the same cat. During the first 30 or 60 s of apnoea, nasopharyngeal stimulation usually elicited a typical gasp-like aspiration reflex, while tracheobronchial stimulation provoked a weak cough only in 28 and 34% of cases for 30- and 60-s apnoea, respectively. The aspiration reflex could be elicited at very low and even isoelectric ECoG activity, and its periodic provocation (without artificial ventilation) resulted, more frequently than did gasping, in recovery from hypoxic apnoea. Arousal and resuscitation induced by the aspiration reflex can provide a useful model to study the mechanisms of reversible respiratory failure and restitution of vital functions.
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PMID:Hypoxic apnoea induced by N2 inhalation can be reversed by the aspiration reflex in anaesthetized cats. 203 38


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