Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At this international consensus conference, a number of conclusions concerning the diagnosis and management of childhood asthma were reached. The following practical definition was given to asthma: intermittent wheezing and/or cough in a clinical situation where asthma is likely and less common diseases have been outruled. A thorough clinical history is essential to the diagnosis of asthma. Additional tests are used only to confirm the clinical impression and to provide objective evidence supporting therapeutic recommendations. Multidisciplinary management includes an evaluation of psychosocial factors and patient information. Drugs should be selected according to the severity of the condition: beta-2-agonists for intermittent mild wheezing; cromolyn sodium for moderate to severe asthma; xanthines, ipratropium bromide, and oral corticosteroids in more persistent and severe forms. The child and parents should be told that a normal, physically active life is quite possible if the disease is correctly controlled. The reward for correct management of asthma is resumption, in nearly every case, of a normal life including active participation in sports.
 ...
PMID:[Consensus conference. The management of asthma in children]. 229 89

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited fatal disorder among Caucasians. Bronchial mucus in CF contains more potassium and less sodium, which may be due to increased sodium absorption, resulting in a reduced airway water content. We studied 23 patients with CF after inhalation of normal saline or amiloride (10(-3) M), a sodium transport blocker. Mucociliary clearance (MC) and cough clearance (CC) were determined with a gamma camera that traced the movement of 99mTc-labeled, hardened erythrocytes over a 1-h period after the patients inhaled these particles as an aerosol. Before and after each investigation pulmonary function tests (PFT) and blood pressure (BP) were measured. Sputum thread formation was measured by means of a filancemeter. Six of the patients also completed a 3-wk trial of amiloride inhalation therapy. MC increased significantly (p less than 0.001) after acute amiloride inhalation (bronchial deposition, 0.07 mg amiloride) compared with that in the saline control. CC also increased, but not as much as MC. After 3 wk of amiloride inhalation (2 times a day) clearance values (both MC and CC) were markedly enhanced (p less than 0.01); after a similar period of saline inhalation, clearance values were not different from baseline. Sputum filance values also decreased significantly after amiloride inhalation. There were no adverse effects of the amiloride inhalation compared with saline. We conclude that amiloride inhalation administered as a single dose or as long-term therapy is able to increase MC and CC in CF airways and that the effect of 10(-3) M amiloride inhalation on MC lasts at least 40 min. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Acute and long-term amiloride inhalation in cystic fibrosis lung disease. A rational approach to cystic fibrosis therapy. 231 93

The renin-angiotensin system has a wide range of physiological actions, and thus interference with the system has attractive therapeutic potential. The orally active angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have so far been the most successful drugs in this area. They lower arterial pressure both in renovascular and essential hypertension, and their effects are enhanced by concomitant diuretic therapy or dietary salt restriction. Since, in renovascular hypertension, the affected kidney depends on enhanced local generation of angiotensin II to help preserve its function, the circulation and excretory capacity of this kidney may be compromised with ACE inhibition. ACE inhibitors can improve exercise tolerance and diminish cardiac ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. Because these drugs lower plasma aldosterone, they tend to correct potassium deficiency and hypokalemia, which may have been induced by diuretic treatment. Hypotension can occur with the first dose of ACE inhibitor, especially in sodium-depleted subjects; in patients on prior antihypertensive therapy, particularly if this includes a diuretic; and in the elderly. Not all of the actions of ACE inhibitors are necessarily due to lowering of plasma angiotensin II: accumulation of kinins may be responsible for some of the effects and side effects. Common to all ACE inhibitors are occasional rashes, cough, and, more rarely, angioedema. Apparently peculiar to captopril, and less often seen with the lower doses now employed, are taste disturbance, proteinuria, and marrow depression. ACE inhibitors, should not be used in pregnant women.
 ...
PMID:Converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension. 248 62

We studied 68 chronic asthmatic patients, 18 to 76 yr of age, with a percent predicted FEV1 between 33 and 81, comparing cromolyn sodium with placebo. We used a double-blind, comparative group trial design. A 4-wk baseline period was followed by 3 months of active treatment or placebo. Patients recorded symptom severity and frequency of study drug and concomitant medication usage on daily diary cards. At each clinic visit, patients independently assessed the effectiveness of the test medication in controlling their asthma. Physicians also assessed the severity of the patients' symptoms, pulmonary function, and effectiveness of test medication at monthly intervals. Methacholine challenges were done pre- and post-treatment. Use of concomitant therapy was reduced according to a specified schedule. There was significant improvement in the severity of daytime asthma, nighttime asthma, and cough as assessed by the patients in the cromolyn sodium group. Mean use of concomitant medications decreased significantly in cromolyn sodium patients. Despite the reductions in the use of bronchodilators, pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75) improved significantly in the cromolyn sodium group. Similar improvements did not occur in the control group. The physicians' assessments of symptoms showed significant improvement in favor of the cromolyn sodium group. Both physicians and patients judged cromolyn sodium to be moderately or very effective for 61% of the patients as compared to 27% (by physicians) and 24% (by patients) in the placebo group. There was no significant difference in methacholine response between the two groups, although the mean value for methacholine sensitivity in the cromolyn sodium group was significantly less at the end of the study than at baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Cromolyn sodium is effective in adult chronic asthmatics. 249 60

A double-blind, parallel group, 7-centre trial was carried out to compare the clinical efficacy and patient acceptability of two formulations of sodium cromoglycate for inhalation in patients suffering from asthma. Each single-dose capsule for use in a breath-actuated inhaler contained either a blend of sodium cromoglycate (20 mg) plus lactose (20 mg) or a lactose-free pelletized formulation of sodium cromoglycate (20 mg). Data were summarized from 529 asthmatic patients who had been using the blend formulation for at least 3 months previously. Two hundred and sixty-five patients then received pelletized sodium cromoglycate and 264 patients remained on sodium cromoglycate plus lactose for at least 3 months. Regular assessments were made by patients and clinicians during the trial period of treatment effectiveness. No clinically significant differences were observed between the two formulations after 3 months on test treatment. After a treatment period of 6 months, the pelletized formulation was shown to have some advantages over the blend formulation which were not observed at 3 months, with a significantly higher proportion of 'very effective' assessments being recorded by both patients and clinicians. The capsules of pelletized sodium cromoglycate required significantly less inhalations to empty compared to the capsules of the blend. No differences were observed between the two formulations with regard to the incidence of transient cough and throat irritation after inhalation.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of a lactose-free formulation of sodium cromoglycate and sodium cromoglycate plus lactose in the treatment of asthma. 249 14

In anaesthetized dogs exposed to SO2, nedocromil sodium prevented the increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine challenge and suppressed the cellular changes taking place in the lung. In conscious dogs challenged with citric acid, by inhalation, nedocromil sodium prolonged the time to onset of coughing and had an inhibitory effect on the total number of coughs in each episode. Nedocromil sodium has been observed to stimulate bronchial C fibers, and it is suggested that this activity may relate to the antitussive effect of the compound.
 ...
PMID:Effect of nedocromil sodium on SO2-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and citric acid-induced cough in dogs. 254 97

In a 12-week double-blind, group comparative trial, preceded by a 2-week baseline period, 38 asthmatic subjects of mixed aetiology and varying severity received either 4 mg nedocromil sodium by metered dose inhaler twice a day or a matching placebo preparation, in addition to their existing maintenance therapy of inhaled corticosteroids plus inhaled bronchodilators. Asthma severity and lung function were assessed at 4-weekly clinic visits, and symptomatology (morning tightness, daytime asthma, cough, night-time asthma), morning, afternoon and evening PEFR, and the use of inhaled bronchodilators were recorded on daily diary cards. Treatment with nedocromil sodium led to significant (P less than 0.05) improvements in clinic assessment of FEV1 and PEFR both before and after an inhaled bronchodilator from at least the eighth week onwards. Mid-study FVC was also significantly (P less than 0.05) improved. Daily PEFR increased throughout the study in the nedocromil sodium-treated subjects and the diurnal variation was reduced. Daily symptom severity was also reduced and these improvements occurred despite the similar or slightly reduced use of inhaled bronchodilators. However, none of these improvements in diary card parameters reached statistical significance. By the final week of the study subjects treated with nedocromil sodium predominantly had a mild form of asthma or no symptoms at all, and both patients and clinicians reported the effectiveness of nedocromil sodium; the subjects but not the clinicians finding it significantly more effective (P less than 0.05) than placebo. Nedocromil sodium was well tolerated although one patient was withdrawn owing to a persistent sore throat after 7 weeks of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effects of adding nedocromil sodium (Tilade) to the routine therapy of patients with bronchial asthma. 255 69

A multi-centre, randomized, blind comparative group study was carried out in 202 adult patients, who had suffered from asthma for at least 2 years, to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of maintenance treatment with either 4 mg nedocromil sodium 4-times daily, 0.1 mg beclomethasone dipropionate 4-times daily or 2 puffs of placebo 4-times daily, given by inhalation. Lung function (FEV1 and sRaw) measurements were made at the beginning and end of a 2-week baseline period and then after 3 and 6 weeks of treatment: assessment were also made of asthma severity. Patients recorded daily on diary cards details of morning and evening PEFR, usage of inhaled bronchodilators, severity of dyspnoea, cough and morning tightness. The results showed that, compared with placebo, both nedocromil sodium and beclomethasone dipropionate-treated patients showed an improvement in FEV1 and a reduction in sRaw values: PEFR increased slightly in all three groups. There was an improvement in asthma severity, diminished rate of dyspnoea and cough, and reduced usage of inhaled bronchodilators in patients receiving active treatment but not in those on placebo. Overall assessment of treatment efficacy by both investigators and patients showed that opinions were significantly in favour of active treatment over placebo. Treatment was well tolerated and no serious side-effects were reported. It was concluded that at the dosages used nedocromil sodium was comparable with and equivalent to inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate in nearly all of the parameters assessed, and both drugs were superior to placebo in the maintenance treatment of asthma in adult patients.
 ...
PMID:A placebo-controlled, blind comparison of nedocromil sodium and beclomethasone dipropionate in bronchial asthma. 255 35

131 asthmatics aged 12-65 years, who still had symptoms despite inhaled or oral bronchodilators, were included in this double-blind group comparative study involving nedocromil sodium (2 puffs of 2 mg each twice daily) and placebo (2 puffs twice daily). The study was carried out at 8 centers over six weeks. Under nedocromil sodium, cough, dyspnea and severity of attacks were reduced significantly. Overall patient assessment also clearly favoured the active substance. Nedocromil sodium was also superior to placebo in terms of the improvement of lung function (FEV1, FVC and PEFR). 26 patients complained of unusual symptoms (12 under nedocromil sodium, 14 under placebo). Nedocromil sodium proved to be an effective, safe and well-tolerated drug in the antiinflammatory long-term treatment of reversible obstructive airways disease.
 ...
PMID:[Nedocromil sodium therapy in asthma patients. Therapeutic effect in addition to treatment with oral theophylline and inhaled bronchodilator agents]. 255 74

The effect of nedocromil sodium on the main sensory nerve types in the dog lung has been studied. Nedocromil sodium (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg i.v.) did not stimulate or inhibit the discharge pattern of pulmonary stretch receptors, rapidly adapting irritant receptors or pulmonary C-fibre endings. Nedocromil sodium 5 micrograms/kg given into the aortic arch did, however, stimulate bronchial C-fibre endings. These endings were also stimulated when the drug was given by aerosol. The possibility that nedocromil sodium suppresses cough in the dog by stimulation of bronchial C-fibre endings is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Nedocromil sodium and sensory nerves in the dog lung. 256 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>